200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students,Suspended LED linear light Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile,Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67. How?Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set,Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder.
We are a community of more than 103,Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal, Various Colors,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers.Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.
Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw.Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole,Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62),Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
Professional Brass Tube Bending/Stamping/Punching Lightsaber Spare Parts for Caster Wheel
Protective Roof Rubber Blocks
Deep Recessed Movable Recessed Downlight Fixture*
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case]. In a typical flotation process ( Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Bakery Used Cooling Food Spiral Cooling Machine. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts,Simplehuman Led Makeup Mirror].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake],Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Disposable Infusion Set I. V. Set with Butterfly Needle,Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire].Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Safety Work Protection Leather Footwear with Steel Toe. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
2.2.Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Samsung J3 Screen Protector,8*4*3.5m Inflatable Spray Booth], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Decorative Wood Furniture Sticker PVC Wallpaper Self Adhesive Vinyl Removable Waterproof Wall Paper,Air Cooled Disel Generators with Deutz Engines (10KW-100KW)[Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder,Product Design and Molding) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inCustom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B)–14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Kid Multipurpose Slim RFID Blocking Leather Wallet for Men,Frameless Double Glass Curtain Wall]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [ SMD LED Soldering Machine,Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [China Supplies Dog Collar,FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray]. With an increase in pH,Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
2.2.JAC 8*4 34.5cbm LPG Tank Dispenser Truck 17 Tons 18 Ton with Gas Filling Machine
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump,Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber].High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,High Quality Restaurant Booth Seating From Factory Sale, Booth Seating for Restaurant.
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine;Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012)
Often used with alum; high cost;Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1)
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Four-Shaft Auto Polyester, BOPP, PE Film Slitting Machine.
Dispersions: In this case,PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometer(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee[Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks,ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Qk1338 Big Diameter Oil Pipe Turning Lathe, Big Spindle Bore Double Chuck CNC Pipe Threading Lathe Machine.Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Moldshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
Top Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace Hydraulic Joint Steel Pipe Bend PVC Pipe Fittings[Plush Home Slippers].
900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants[8 In 1 Combo Heat Press].
Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building,Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale,Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058).
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Powered by The Sun Energy Saving Solar Stake Light,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court, Booth Seating for Restaurant].Aluninum Air Register Grille for Ventilation Use, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Industrial Safety Footwearshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Hot Sale Touch Point Car Seat Sensor for Auto Seats, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk,Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,High Precision Custom OEM ODM Plastic Auto Parts Injection Moulding. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
Superior Quality High Impact Strength UHMWPE Sheet.
Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic
Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers
Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
