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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Professional Wood Log Bark Peeling Machine]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Clear Black Empty 15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Frosted White Square Glass Perfume Bottles],Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Front Service Ability Ha2.5 640*1920mm Poster Screen for Store Advertising,High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans].Stainless Steel Wok with Soft Touch Handle, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Refractory Glass Wool Thermal Insulation Fibre Glass Wool. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
2.2.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Annual Hot Caine Products Benzocaine Powder,Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts,Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt[Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series)]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine,220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inCustomization! Bdy380CD Horizontal Directional Drilling Machine–High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Outdoor Travelling Large Compartment Insulated Trolley Picnic Cooler Bag with Wheels,Fiber Optic Splice Closure / Opgw Cable Joint Box]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Hans Free Sample Stylish Lace Necklace,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Anti-Slip Eco-Friendly Spc Kids Room Vinyl Flooring,Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale]. With an increase in pH,Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Factory Price 75 Ohm Rg 59 RG6 Rg11 Rg7 CATV CCTV Cable with 2c 2 Power Coaxial Cable Rg59,New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts].4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Corrugated Carton Box Nc Cutting Machine]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe.
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;Lug Type Cast Steel Butterfly Valve Dn125 with Gearbox
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
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Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm.
Dispersions: In this case,Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace[ SMD LED Soldering Machine,Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Panda WiFi IP Camera, HD Baby Monitor for Baby, Pet, Old People. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Abnm-Uvss08 Fixed Water-Proof Under Vehicle Security Inspection System.FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Trayshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-2.8 Meters Single Roller Steam Industrial Ironing Machine/Linen Ironer Machine (YPA)(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [m.billowtimewatch.com,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46),14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market].Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.MPO fiber optical Connectorsshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket,PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,PP Woven Bag, Rice, Beans, Plastic Bag. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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