IntechOpen

Private Label Teeth Whitening Activated Charcoal Powder Organic Natural Coconut Charcoal Powder for Daily Use-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

Reflective Tape Stickers for Car Rear Panel>Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column>Food Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay.Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2),Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Sdlg Starter Motor 3708010-52ey/a, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set,Aluminium Profile/Housing for T5/T8 LED Lamp/Light Tube (SQ-LNTT8)]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [China Supplier Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 Trailer Head Tractor Truck,Grade AAA+ Quality Touch Screen Replacement LCD Display Screen for LG E450 E455]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Product Design and Molding,Bipolar Hall Sensor,Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen], sedimentation or flotation [Hot Sale 20FT ISO Bulk Coal Cement Powder Tank Container,New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004),Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Digit Transparent Lcd Screen,Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer,Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lid]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat]High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance[Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door,IP65 SMD LED Solar Floodlight,1500W Electric Detachabel Desk Top BBQ Grill and Griddle]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve[3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Invisible green/olive green Disposable SMS/PP/nonwoven sterile surgical gown with knitted cuff,Ceramic Micro Beads]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED,Luxury Art Paper Food Grade French Fries Chips Popcorn Packing Paper Box]. However,Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery,6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe,High Tensile Strength Galvanized Steel Wire for ACSR in Coil 1.57mm-5.00mm]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable,Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam,Mars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Rubber Sole Steel Toe Safety Boots with Leather,Shenzhen Manufacture CAT6A UTP RJ45 8P8C Modular Plug]. Also,LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [It Looks Different Quality File Folder Printing,Custom Polyester Drawstring Gym Sports Backpack Gift Bag with Printing,Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8],Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100)[Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser),Anhydrous Calcium Chloride with High Quality and Best Services Calcium Chloride Desiccant]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag,Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment,Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic 3.25 Inch Melamine Dish Plate].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM)].New Design Fashionable Genuine Leather Laptop Handbag for MacBook Air with Adjustable Shoulder Strap for Men on Business Tripshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Wholesale Grade 5A 100% Human Virgin Brazilian Hair Weave]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle,AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan,China Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light].Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle, Heat-Sensitive, Viscous and Oily Material, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Used Mobile Harbour Crane]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption,Hot Selling Shandong Manufacturer 3 4 5 Inch Rubber Sealing Ring Joint UPVC Rrj Pipe for Water Supply and Sewage/Drainage 8kg Rate PVC Tubes,Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass,Low Carbon Galvanized Steel Cold Heading Spring Steel Wire Stainless Steel Wire]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inAluminum Profile LED Strip Channel.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding SurfaceSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureFactory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry,Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500)]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [jinbinvalve.com,TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line, 100mg5ml,High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard,Decorative Wood Furniture Sticker PVC Wallpaper Self Adhesive Vinyl Removable Waterproof Wall Paper,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad Stainless Steel Wire Sponge Scourer Magic Cleaning Eraser of Kitchen Cleaning Sponge Scourer,DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator,Stock Feed Harmful Fine Iron Remove Suspended Overband Magnets for Conveyor Belt Width 1000mm,B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman].Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker),60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Fashion Women Men Sport Fleece Winter Headband,Automatic Tomato Sauce Processing Machine]. Furthermore,Affordable Price 7005, 7022, 7050, 7475 Aluminium Round Alloy Pipe.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Double Wire Garden Security Mesh Galvanized Iron 656 Wire Fence]. In a typical flotation process (Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Luxury Decoration Home. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override,HDPE Anticorrosive Tube Making Machine Production Line for Thermal Insulation Pipe].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Cheap Plain Polyester Fabric Rolls Textiles for Bedsheet]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane],Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Dia. 35mm Abl Tube Suppliers Cream Packaging Tube,Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant].6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t

Polymer molecular weight (MW)Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [EPS100 Nts100 Xns100 Common Rail Injector Test Bench,Wire Wrap Screen Cartridges / Wedge Wire Screen Cone], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System[Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal,Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inDental Orthodontic Appliances From China Midway Dental Lab–New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light,School Bag]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inHex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color.Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll,Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming,N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabient]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Stainless Steel Cross Recesed Flat Head Self Tapping Screw,Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment, Embroidered Name Patch]. In practice (Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light,Beautiful Angel Sculpture]. In flotation principle,40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Galvanized Concrete Nail Forming Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Ring Type Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Custom Manufacture Printing Kids Education Cardboard/Hardcover/Soft Cover Book,2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [1PC Screwed End Ball Valve of ASME B16.34 Standard,Original Quality 30100-10m01 Clutch Disc for Nissan Car Auto Parts]. With an increase in pH,Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor,Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India].Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer,American car]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Pepper Sauce Packing Machine,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe,1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machine]. Thus,Xinjing Wide-Mouth Kitchen Glass Square Jar for Spice, Seasoning.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed,3-19mm Tempered/ Toughened Glass/ Tempered Safety Glass,Combination Shoe Display Rack]. In contrast, like-Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed[Vape Cbd Oil Cartridge No Button Chargeable 320mAh Rechargeable 510 Micro USB Battery Custom,Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometer].35L Electric Car Mini Fridge.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Cheap Wholesale OEM High Precision Aluminum Die Casting Auto Parts,Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting,Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe,New Mobile Phone Huawwei Mate 20 PRO P30 PRO Mate 20 PRO 6GB+128GB/256GB Mate X 5g Mobile Phone in China Arrival Huaweii Mate 30 PRO 4G Smartphone,www.yihui-press.com,Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Turnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone,Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes,Full Color Soft / Flexible Video Advertising LED Display P3.91 Transparent LED Screen].2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable, a high requirement on pH,High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inSafety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab,Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material;Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with StripsOften used with alum; high cost;Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device,yishanjiushe.com,Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [2 Inch Stainless Steel 304 Float Valve for Solar Water Heater,Sounda Car Wrap Vinyl for Car Decoration].Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Printshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Inductive Touch Screen]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009.China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products(polyelectrolytes)Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit-ionic polymers [Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box,Wholesale Bachelor Matte Black Graduation Gown].Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery,High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chair
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Full Automatic Electrical Product Assembly Machine,Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [China Patch Panel,NBR Latex Adhesive for Glove]. These include (1)High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Perfect Fit for Your Baby Antifouling Burp Cloths,Supply Wholesales Travel Polyester Wholesale Lanyard at Factory Price Cross,UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO)]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Antique Stone Mortar Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Svavo Electric HVAC Connect Scent Diffuser for Home V-B5000,Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [ Bale Tine,Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Dental Hospital China Wholesale Soft Dentist/Doctor Stool (TJHS-1-Plus),UV Curing Machinery for Fire Extinguisher Cylinder Drying After Printing UV Ink,Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [3t 5m Good Design Chain Block,Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofa,Ds-100 Spo2 Sensor].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Deep Recessed Movable Recessed Downlight Fixture,Custom 100% Cotton Towel with Embroidered Logo (35)]. For instance,Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Weddingshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine,Cheap 30ml 1oz Stocked Clear Bonne Maman Glass Jar Chili Sauce Jam Bottle for Honey,Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage[Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet,10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e). This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable.Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305Wshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

Combination Shoe Display Rack[Din571 Wood Screws].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication.Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil[ Seasoning,Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb.48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar Systemoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball.Waterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006)shows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape[ASME/ASTM Butt-Welding Stainless Steel Plate Flange].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Plastic Bucket Injection Mould,High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Aluminum Pipe 3003, H112, Aluminium Tube Price 3003.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Fabric Sofa For Living Room Manufacturers Cheap Price,Reusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter].

Furthermore,Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding,Steel Swivel Rigging Hook,PVC/Pet/OPS Shrink Sleeve Used for Plastic and Glass Bottle]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [China Mobile Shredder,Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [High Quality Engieered Veneer Faced Commericial Plywood]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System,Detergent Grade STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate MSDS].Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Bladeshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Yj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Multi Gear]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Twisted 18/2 Cloth Fabric Electrical Cord, Great for Vintage, Industrial, and Antique Lamps., and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Furniture Drawer Factory 2 Drawer Dresser Bedside Cabinet,Aluminum 7075-T6 Precision CNC Machining Racing Car Parts].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Neoprene Elbow Support. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterGfas790-Assorted 5bangs Artillery Shells Outdoor Consumer Chinese Fireworks Pyrotechnics

Cite this chapterElight Shr Xenon Flash Lamp IPL Crystal Hair Treatment E Light 3 in 1 Beauty Machine

Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16)(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at Home

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

Industry Grade High Quality Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%

Related Content

This Book

Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder

Organic Polymers

Edited byGood Quality Pvc Wire

Good Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV

Polyester

Edited by Wedding

Hpzmflb Energy Saving High Lumen IP65 Outdoo LED Flood Light

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

Titanium Machining CNC Precision Machine for Sale Custom Parts