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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display]. In a typical flotation process (High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller,www.szfanshitong.com].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
Best Quality New Coming 2019 Anti-Freeze 2 Handles Cryolipolysis Machine FDA. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Android Video Interface Car GPS Navigation System for 2014-2018 Year Mercedes-Benz C-Class A205. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Sewage Treatment Plants,62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2)[Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants,Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inFood Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose–Sdlg Starter Motor 3708010-52ey/a, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock,One Side Furniture Grade Melamine Chipboard]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill,Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [2019 Molding Press Hydraulic Machine Rubber Vulcanizing Press (XLB500X500X2),4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board]. With an increase in pH,Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Oil Gas Line Pipe,Concentric/Con Reducer].High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance, a high requirement on pH,Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inCar Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person,Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
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Dispersions: In this case,Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System[Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008,Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W.Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decorationshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Hemolock Clip Applicator,25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck,Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole].35L Electric Car Mini Fridge, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Multi Column Load Cell 500kg Wide Capacity Ranges 20 Tonshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Lk5PP2410u105 Cat5e UTP 24 Port Patch Panel with Bar (Double USE End),Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truck].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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