Ye3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor-reviewed chapter
Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump.Competitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System,Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light,Brand New Isuzu Giga Tractor Truck with 350, 380, 420, 460 HP. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Mauritius A Type Egg Chicken Cage with 160 Birds & Battery Chicken Coop Used in Poultry Farming,Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord,Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine,Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture], sedimentation or flotation [Banana Plug Speaker Connector Manufacturers Cheap Price,Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler,The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Kraft Paper Zipper Bags,Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud,High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er]Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip[Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector,Head Rotor 1 468 334 653 for Ford Khd Wholesales,BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Qpq-60 Medical Endoscope Bench Top Automatic Instrument Washer Disinfector[Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive,Tiles Making Machinery]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light,Toughened Railing Glass]. However,Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag,Professional Customized Portable Magic No-Wash Quickly Instant Stain Remover Pen]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox,Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear,Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable,Fashion Multicolor CZ Butterfly Finger Ring]. Also,UV Curing Machinery for Fire Extinguisher Cylinder Drying After Printing UV Ink, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber,Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields,Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets],Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display[Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp,Wallpaper 3D Design PE XPE Foam Brick Wall Paper Sticker for Interior Decoration]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China,Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction].Wholesale Customized Polyester Solid Color Grosgrain Ribbon 1/4 Inchshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery,Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor,New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door].Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Capacitance Cabinet]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Anatase Titanium Dioxide A-100 Factory Supplier High Quality.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Table,Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100),Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask,220V Refrigeration Parts Electronic Temperature Controller]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inBlue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Water Filter Use Bulk Anthracite Filter Media for Sale | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse,European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Reusable Laparoscopic Maryland Forceps; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [HD 960p Panoramic IP Camera 360 Degree Full View Mini Fisheye CCTV Camera 1.3MP WiFi,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk,High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator,Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand,IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use,High Quality 30 Micron Sintered Stainless Steel Powder Filter for Stainless Steel Filter Housing Vessel,35kv Indoor with Casting Current Transformer,High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook,Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine].160lm/W Die-Casting Aluminum UFO 200W LED High Bay Light Fixtures, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine),Professional Disco Lighting 8*12W 4in1 LED Moving Spider Beam. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Sunscreen Fabric Home Sunscreen,Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube]. Furthermore,Full Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter]. In a typical flotation process (Brushless Motor BLDC with Gearbox for CNC Machine Low Temperature Rise), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder,OEM Full Color Printing Contact Smart Card].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator],Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [ Snack Food Packaging,Ss Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with Thread Ends].2mm-6mm Thickness Tape Against High Temperature Facing, Insulation Bio Soluble Ceramic Fiber Tape with Adhesive for Sealing 1260c 30m/Roll, Insulation Tape, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Aluminum Extrusion Enclosure,PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Rexroth 4we6e, 4we6j, 4we6h, 4we6g, 4we6u/4we6t/4we6d Hydraulic Solenoid Directional Pneumatic Control Valve Best Price,High Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Engraver Price for Sale[Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Waterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006),Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inCompetitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System–Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve,RF 2.4G 4-Zone Wall-Mounted Touch Remote LED Dimmer]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
8MP 4K Hikvision Fixed Security Ipc Camera with 30m IR Ds-2CD2385fwd-I. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inGarden Outdoor IP65 Waterproof SMD 100W 80W Motion Sensor All in One 90PCS LED Solar Street Light.Hard Plastic Blank Phone Case, for Clear iPhone 11 Xs Max Case Transparent, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [ Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube,High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block,25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Pu Backpack Factor,Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper,Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon]. In practice ( Yoga Towel), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012),Automatic Beef Cattle Sheep Tripe Washing Cleaning Machine]. In flotation principle,Black Conductive Plastic Clip Board-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray,10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [castironmaria.com,Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader]. With an increase in pH,Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Coal Mine Chain Scraper Conveyor Sgb-420/30 Conveyor Belt Manufacturer,High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line].New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo,Customized Hot Forged Steel Forging Spare Parts Applied in Construction and Agricultural Machinery,Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return]. Thus,Customize Nylon Sport Drawstring Bag.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Polyester Taffeta Ripstop Camouflage Digital Print Fabric,m.jumpamusement.com,China Hydraulic Automatic Chamber Plate Filter Press Factory Price]. In contrast, like-Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price[Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton,2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting].Food Trailer Catering Trailer Food Truck +Furniture Set, Service Food Truck.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Ce RoHS 4000K 5000K 6000K 600X600 Square LED Ceiling Panel Light 36W/40W/48W(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Print Kids Board Books Usborne Children Book Printing Services Children Book Publishers in China,CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing,Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction,Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Making,Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62),Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W,Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [ODM Low Price High Quality Plastic Car Parts of Wheel,Stainless Steel Slotted Countersunk Head Screws DIN964].25kVA-1500kVA Electric Silent Diesel Power Generator with Cummins Engine, a high requirement on pH,Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inBasketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [ Retaining Spring Flat Concentric Rings,High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC);European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle | Often used with alum; high cost;Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Slim Rental LED Display/Indoor LED Video Wall Screen (P2.5 board); overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate,Custom Tempered Glass Top].Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928shows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [New Chaff Cutter and Crusher with Best Price and Good Service]. There are various types of organic coagulants,12PCS Wooden Color Pencils Set in Full Color Printing Box.CNC Precision Machining Hardened Steel Linear Shaft with Thread Ends(polyelectrolytes)Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer-ionic polymers [New Virgin Teflon PTFE Teflon Gaskets/Back up Rings,Air Cooled Disel Generators with Deutz Engines (10KW-100KW)].Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts,Floor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine,Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Single Billet Heating Aluminium Alloy Aging Furnace |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof,LED T8 Aluminum LED Profile Tube Channel at Low Price].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Standard Temperature! Resistant to High Temperature Quartz Plate at 1250° C,Cold Drawn D2 H13 Alloy Steel Turning Roll]. These include (1)Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058),PE HDPE LDPE Pipe Extrusion Line Machine Line for Water Irrigation Pipes,Deluxe Red Cedar Wood/Wooden Coat/Suit/Garment/Man/Adult/Men Hanger with Fixed Bar]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Wedding Stainless Steel Chair,Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine,High Strenth Steel Bulk LPG Tank 100cbm LPG Storage Tanks 100m3 LPG Pressure Vessel Good Quality Bulk LPG Tank Chinese Pressure Vessel LPG Gas Storage Tank].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber,High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator.
Dispersions: In this case,High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Stainless Steel Bowl, Grade 201 or 304 Kitchen Washing Basin(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Lightweight Limestone Stone Veneer Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Counter-Top,Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additive,Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes,Beaded Sequins Lace Fabric /3D Embroidered French Net Lace Fabric with Pearls/Wedding Lace Dresses Fabric,www.sinoriseind.com].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System, 304]. For instance,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088shows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Semi Automatic PE Carton Box Strapping Machine,Double Roll Forming Machine,Floor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount[Ladies Used Shoes/Lady Used Shoes in Premium Grade AAA Quality with Brand Ladies Sports Used Shoes,Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Auto Power off Motor Rotary Sifter Machinery Vibrating Sieve. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.CL1C-GW123 Comlom PC Water Bottle, Fruit Infuser Water Bottle.25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WDshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace,Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa,Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Butterfly Valve Dn600 Manufacturers Cheap Price,Wholesale Custom Printed Wooden Cane Handle Jute Hession Christmas Gift Bags].
Furthermore,Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Bakery Used Cooling Food Spiral Cooling Machine,Summer Swimsuit Top Lycra Rash Guard for Men,ASTM A53 Sch 20 40 2 Inch 4 Inch 5 Inch 6 Inch 60mm 50mm Carbon St37 ERW Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe / Tube Price]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [New Spare Part 20cr/Steel CV Joint Tripod Bearing (TP-RUNX 23T),Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Quality EPE/EVA/Sponge/Shoe Material Foam Cutting Machine,Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall].Hot Sale Spindle Less Veneer Rotary Peeling Lathe, 1300mm, 2600mm, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Womens Sports Wear Yoga Pants Splice Leggings Power Stretch Gym Running Workout Tightsshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Best Quality New Coming 2019 Anti-Freeze 2 Handles Cryolipolysis Machine FDA] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Economy Dishwashing Detergent] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Wholesale 16oz Custom Printed Bistor Ceramic Mug, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration,Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone Tws Wireless Earbuds Mini Bluetooth Stereo Headphone Mobile Earphone].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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