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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier.Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality,Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts,Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [60g Acuiculture Ozone Generator for Shrimp Farming Water Treatment,ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display,High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller], sedimentation or flotation [Home Use Moisturizing Beauty Machine for Face Keep Rejuvenation,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump,100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Customizable Logo Plastic Safety Walking Reflectors Chinese Factory,62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer,Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose]All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine[Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock,Dirt Bike Lifting Equipment,All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid[Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light,Sex Toy For Man Pussy]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet,Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck]. However,New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence,Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices,www.gl-fiber.com]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine,13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags,Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud,Dekcel CO2 Laser CNC Engraving Cutting Machine 6040]. Also,Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board,Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film,High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card],High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine[Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets,Aluminum Foil Rolls with Factory Price]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard,High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee].Lowe Price 2 Color Plastic Film Bag Flexographic Printing Machineryshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising,China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price,1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject].Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Car Wash Plastic Doors Supplier & Factory]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm,Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine,Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card,Detachable Power Cord]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inTransparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate,Oil Gas Line Pipe]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [S. S. 304/316 Self Drilling Tapping Screw Tek Screw Roof Screw,Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge,High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person,Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes,PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer,Dogs Wearing Diapers, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent,Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India,Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handle].Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat),Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [China Crystal Glass,Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming]. Furthermore,EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1]. In a typical flotation process (Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles,Wood/Sawdust Dryer Machine Double Rotary Drying Machine].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [35L Electric Car Mini Fridge]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder],Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market,Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera].2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Generator Spare Parts Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR GB-100. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Multifunctional Fruit Cutter,1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice[China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inQuality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05)–Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights,Cheap Coffee Cups With Saucer]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inAPP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery.1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Fixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display,Tractor and Implements Disc Plough Harrow Mower Slasher 4 in 1 Front Loader Agricultural Equipments,Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09)]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Classic Leather Office Sofa Factory OEM/ODM Products,(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine,Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace]. In practice (New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring,Made in China Canopy Fiberglass Open Fishing Boat]. In flotation principle,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [OEM Service for Motorcycle Hoist in China,Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags,Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Plastic Sheet for Roof 4mm Plastic Sheet Acrylic Sheet Price UV Plastic Sheet,Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing]. With an increase in pH,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70),Flexible Transparent PVC Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hose].Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Magnet VSD Screw Air Compressorpermanent Magnet Screw Air Compressorhigh Quality Atlas Copco Electric Screw Air Compressor LG Compressor Atlas Copco VSD,Float Glass Tempered Glass Laminated Glass Insulated Glass Decorative Glass Manufacturer]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Generator Spare Parts Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR GB-100,230V 2 Way 1 Inch Electric Control Stainless Steel Ball Valve Electric Quick Sanitary Ball Valve (T25-S2-C-Q),Diamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Type]. Thus,750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [High Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Engraver Price for Sale,Vacuum Rotary Evaporator Fractional Distillation Unit,25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner]. In contrast, like-Flat Glass Flask Bottle Cold Juice Drinking Bottle. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine[PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle,Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket].2 Inch Stainless Steel 304 Float Valve for Solar Water Heater.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,12.1 Inch Pcap Touch Monitor with Flat Screen.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Plastic Auxiliary Machine,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit,2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck,Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole,Coal Crushing Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Die Casting Aluminum LED Elephant Trunk Light Radiator,Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller,Single Screw Double Twin 2 Dual Rotary Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Poly Plastic Polyethylene Biodegradable Cornstarch Blown Film Blowing Extruder Machine].Stainless Steel Wok with Soft Touch Handle, a high requirement on pH,Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inLk5PP2410u105 Cat5e UTP 24 Port Patch Panel with Bar (Double USE End). Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truck,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Refractory Glass Wool Thermal Insulation Fibre Glass Wool; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement;Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler | Often used with alum; high cost;New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication,Combination Roofing Screw With Washer,High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t,Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube].HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USAshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Aluminum Disc 1100]. There are various types of organic coagulants,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine.220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan(polyelectrolytes)High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans-ionic polymers [Fixed Carbon Content 85% Anthracite Filter Media for Water Treatment,Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt].Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part,4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China).
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Mars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Zinc Plated 14# 1 Building Material DIN7504K SDS Roofing Screws,Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring with Black Helix].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Custom Black and White Segment Code Screen Electronic Scale LCD LCD Screen Digital Display Electronic Scale Dedicated LCD Screen,Stainless Steel Single Filter Cartridge Housing for Food Grade]. These include (1)China Manufacturer Price for Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [High Quality JAC Truck Parts Steering Wheel,Full Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price,Threaded Plastic Circular Male Female Connector]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Api 5l Gr X 42 Seamless Steel Pipe,Cold Fromed Welded Structural Hollow Sections Cold Formed Square or Rectangular Hollow Section Cfrhs/Cfchs Cold Formed Circular Hollow Section,Customized Indoor or Outdoor Garden Dancing Musical Water Fountain].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Android Video Interface Car GPS Navigation System for 2014-2018 Year Mercedes-Benz C-Class A205,China-Made Good Quality Laundry Baset Mould].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump.
Dispersions: In this case,IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Lenton Type Bar Lock Couplers with Bolt-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [High Quality Needle Bearing Roller Nki5/12 Nki 5/12 Made in China,Customized Factory Price Isw Horizontal Centrifugal Electric Water Pump,Chinese Supplier Cheap Class 2 Hi Vis Shirts for Construction Site]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder,Vacuum Forming 500 Micron Pet Rigid Film Roll Transparent for Food Packaging].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [2-Color Handle Adjustable Spanner, Hollow Section]. For instance,Smash-Proof Puncture-Proof Safety Shoes Labor Shoes Safety Footwearshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [China Stainless Steel Manual Food Grade & Hygienic Sanitary Ball & Butterfly Valve,Nylon Cable for iPhone,Longzhiyu 13 Years Manufacturer Custom Olympic Medal Epoxy with Ribbon].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Refrigerated Salad Counter Chiller with Stainless Steel Table[EL Backlight Membrane Switch Keyboard,Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Product]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Best Quality Changlin 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader Wz30-25 for Sale. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers.Factory Direct Big Size of Industry Circulating Chiller -80c Ultra-Low Temp Coolershows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [China Suppliers Zhong Shan Cheap Wholesale Outdoor Waterproof LED Flood Street Light 50watts]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#),Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [7g Double System Computerized Flat Knitting Machine (AX-132S),ASME/ASTM Butt-Welding Stainless Steel Plate Flange].
Furthermore,Lgd-4033 /Ligandrol 1165910-22-4 Sarms Powders. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Customized CNC Machining / EDM Services for C2 Steel for Injection Mould or Machinery,Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic,Hygienic Stainless Steel Manual Welded Butterfly Valves with Square Handle]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [China Nd Yag Laser Part,600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Double Glass 19 32 Inch Smart HD Color LCD LED TV]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Chrome Stainless Steel ESD PU Workshop Lab Stool Chair for Clean Room, HD Baby Monitor for Baby].Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Radio Frequency Facial Machineshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Agricultural Farm Equipment 120HP 4WD Farm Tractor] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Artificial Turf; Artificial Grass Cutting Machine] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck,Dust Free Foam Tip Cleaning Swabs PP Stick for Printer].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Cold Drawn D2 H13 Alloy Steel Turning Roll. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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