IntechOpen

Mer Dental Lab All Ceramic Restorations IPS E. Max Crown-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Hygienic Stainless Steel Manual Welded Butterfly Valves with Square Handle

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

Colorful Asphalt Shingles for Roof Covering and Waterproofing>Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part>New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price.Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder,Factory of Bq Nq Hq Pq Reaming Shell with 3%Discount,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,PVC+PMMA/ ASA Coloured Glazed Roof Ridge Tile Plastic Production Line. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights,Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Double Door Display Chiller,Auto Parts Dt One Control One Two Switch Cable Wire Harness]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1), Service Food Truck], sedimentation or flotation [Anti-Vandal Capacitive Touch Panel Pc Factory OEM/ODM Products,Blade Electric Adjustment Thin Blade Slitter and Scorer Machine] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Bathroom Mirror for Hotel Guestroom with LED]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b,Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Customized Cufflink,Outdoor Greenhouse Cover 70% Shading Rate Cool Energy Saving Aluminium Sun Shade,Fashion Wholesale Clothes Clothing Swim Beach Boxer Custom Sprots Running Gym Shorts]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric]Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes[Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape,m.zgnfsjx.com,Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve[Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (European Plug Level VI 5V 10A Power Adapter Supply 60W DC Adaptor for LED Light), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Water Filter Use Bulk Anthracite Filter Media for Sale,Anti Glare up and Down Suspended Linear Light for Hotel Lobby]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory,Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder]. However,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay, Black Excavator Track Rollers,Backlit Printings]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold,Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China,High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer,BOPP PE Rotogravure Gravure Printing Machine]. Also,1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine,Polyester Staple and Bamboo Printed Tablecloth],Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System[Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine,CNC Cutter Aluminum Brass Part Machining Machinery Part]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Laminated FIBC Bulk Jumbo Bag Super Sack,High Quality Beiben Truck Parts Rear Wheel House,Smokeless Solid Waste Incinerator for Domestic Garbage Incineration].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610].Pvc Pipe Fittings Making Machineryshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror,Vital Injector].Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [PE Plastic Motor Oil Bottle Blowing Mould Extrusion Moulding]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Small Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Temperature Transmitter.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne,Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102,Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel,Acetylene Black for Industry of Dry Battery]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inLow Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Custom 100% Cotton Towel with Embroidered Logo (35)Suspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureCustomized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [ Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324),Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [OEM ODM Rubber Gasket Rubber Oring Seals Spare Part for Sanitaryware,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers,10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home,3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking,Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block,Different Thickness (0.12mm-0.8mm) Cheap PPGI Color Coated Corrugated Steel Sheet,Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W,Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door,China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring].600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (D902 Cylinder Head for Kubota Tractor Diesel Engine Parts),MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Russian 1250X2500mmx18mm Birch Plywood for with Dimensional Stability,Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve]. Furthermore,Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [2.0mm Thickness Reinforced PVC Waterproofing Membrane for Plant Roof]. In a typical flotation process (24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack Small Hydraulic Power Unit Diesel Hydraulic Power Pack for Sale Double Acting Hydraulic Power Unit), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock,High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Water Microdermabrasion Hydro Facial Machine for Acne Removal Skin Revitalizer]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Wholesale Germany Oktoberfest Festival Party Felt Hat],Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier].Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Wood Chips Rotary Dryer Sawdust Pellet Drying Machine. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump

Polymer molecular weight (MW)TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Window Fitting / Window Hardware by Aluminum Alloy Die Casting,Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516,Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088[LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (2017 Newest Postpartum Rehabilitation Equipment Low Frequency Therapy with Electordes,Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inYellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm–High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw,Italy Modern Creative Floor Lamp for Indoor Lighting]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Aluminum Die-Casting, CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inSt3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer.Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Product, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Small Capacity Automatic Cup Filling Machine,MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center,Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [220v Switch And Socket,Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce,Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women]. In practice ( New Zealand), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine,Chavana Mix Manufacturing Line Equipment]. In flotation principle,Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pump-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts,Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape,Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Hydraulic Tee Forming Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price,New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate]. With an increase in pH,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal,2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scooter].New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30,Surveillance 1.3MP IP IR Waterproof CCTV Security Bullet Network Camera]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag,Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332),CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable]. Thus,Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry,Automotive Plastic Molding Suppliers for Sale,Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging]. In contrast, like-Back Adhesive 72W Solar Flexible PV Laminate Panels (PVL-72). This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5)[Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation,Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case].Air-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with Windows.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofa, Power Recliner Home Theater Seating(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Secondary Hot Rolled Steel Coil 201 Baby Stainless Steel Coil for Tubing(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Festival Outdoor Metal Lantern,Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h),Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer,3 Axle Fenced Cargo Semi Trailer,Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord,Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture,Plastic Crusher Machine].C3 C5 Precision 14mm Miniature Ball Screw, a high requirement on pH,7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inGi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom,Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector;Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection MoldOften used with alum; high cost;Boyang Jumbo Bag and Ton Bag Filling Packing Machine for Fertilizer, Flour, Sugar
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;High Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof,Intelligent PID Temperature And Humidity Controller,Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment,Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er].Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connectorshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [www.jspseal.com]. There are various types of organic coagulants,High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard.Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale(polyelectrolytes)Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oil-ionic polymers [BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps,Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting].2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12,Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb,Exhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05)
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Fashion Jewellry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Adjustable Bracelets for Girls,60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light]. These include (1)Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Toughened Railing Glass,Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap Machine MW5 Series,T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox,Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed,AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Power and Labor Saving Metal Pipe Powder Coating Equipment,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber,Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets,Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp,High Quality Recycled Gym Rubber Flooring Rubber Gym Flooring with Factory Price].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China]. For instance,Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decorationshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction,www.brairsuspension.com,OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette[Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery,Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine.New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Doorshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller[Factory Manufacturer 2.54mm Pitch DIP Box Header Connector].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan.Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters[Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Table,Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100)]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine.Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Moduleoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping.Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Maskshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part[Pizza Takeout Bag].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve,Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse,European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Disposable Cbd E Cig,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk].

Furthermore,0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator,Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand,IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Dcec Cummins Qsl8.9 Qsl9 Long Block for Diesel Engine Construction,35kv Indoor with Casting Current Transformer].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine,Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine].Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Two Geotextile Composite One Geomembraneshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Brushless Motor BLDC with Gearbox for CNC Machine Low Temperature Rise]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Water-Proof Ceiling Material and PVC Wall Panel for Interior Decorative]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant,Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterWholesale Phosphorescent Pigment Glow in The Dark Pigment for Plastic Injection

Cite this chapterGarden Outdoor IP65 Waterproof SMD 100W 80W Motion Sensor All in One 90PCS LED Solar Street Light

Energy-Saving Home Elevator, Passenger Elevator with Small Loading(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block

Related Content

This Book

25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market

Organic Polymers

Edited bySavor Drinkware

Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon

Polyester

Edited by Yoga Towel

Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012)

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Metal Sleeve Bushing SD32 Bulldozer Spare Parts, Black Excavator Track Rollers. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

63 Amp Circuit Breaker