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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier.Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality,Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Excellent Fire Resistance Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle for Residential Roofs,Rosen 4kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Microwave Cashew Nuts Drying Machine Grain Dryer,Lacquered Embossed Aluminum Foil for HVAC Systems]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus,100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor,High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine], sedimentation or flotation [Chef Kitchen Jacket,DIN7504 Stainless Steel Pan Head Philips Self Drilling Screw] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [36V/48V 10ah Lithium Battery 250W/500W Fat Tyre Folding Portable,IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [15 Touch Screen Tablet Pc High Quality Supplier,Car Accessories Car Decoration Universal Purple Down Cotton Thick Warm Plush Auto Car Seat Cover,Automatic Soap Bag in Box Packing Machine]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative]All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine[Hot Sales Popular Carton Custom Softcover Book&Printing Service,3D Epoxy Candy Color Powder Floor Coating Metallic Epoxy Pigments,Construction Melamine Glue Spcification Oriented Strand Board Smartly 1220X2440mm]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid[Lexan Polyester with LCD Window /Customer Membrane Keyboard Switch Control Push Button].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic,Breast Dermal Filler Liquid Enlarge Buttocks Hyaluronic Acid Injectable Filler]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller,Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material]. However,New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm,Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox,CE/PED Approved Small Laminated Glass Autoclave (Diameter 1600mm)]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Veiik Airo 2ml Vape Pod System Electronic Cigarette Starter Kit,Colorful Rubber Ball for Screen Cleaning,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Shoebox Canopy Lamp 60W LED Light Evergy Saving 2835 Chips Corn Bulb,www.findcarmirror.com]. Also,Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro,C3 C5 Precision 14mm Miniature Ball Screw,We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate],High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine[Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer,Baby Walker Toys Cars]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine,PVC Steel Wire Reinforced Pipe Hose for Transfer Water Oil and Powder,Hot Sale Mobile Phone Shop Display Furniture Interior Design].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62)].10L 20L 30L 50L Stainless Steel Nutsch Filter Vacuum Filtration Apparatus for Laboratoryshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Nylon Weatherproof PA6 Strain Relief Cable Gland,Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women,Refrigerated Salad Counter Chiller with Stainless Steel Table].Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Fused Silica Clear Quartz Tube]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Back Adhesive 72W Solar Flexible PV Laminate Panels (PVL-72),100kn Glass Disc Suspension Insulator for High Voltage,Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Anatase Titanium Dioxide A-100 Factory Supplier High Quality,CNC Precision Turning Milling Custom Machining Precision Titanium Aluminum Metal Rapid Prototyping]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inSanitary Clamp End Butterfly Valve with Ce Certificate.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [1.8m Height Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fencing].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [3 Axis 400t/6000 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s 400 Tons CNC Press Brake,China Supplier Selling Cheap Coffee Beans Harvesting Machine Coffee Beans Picker]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Best Selling Ash Handling System,Coffee Bean Packaging Plastic Bag,Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays,Popular Cement Paver/Hollow Block Machine in India,Top Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace Hydraulic Joint Steel Pipe Bend PVC Pipe Fittings,3 Phase Inverter,Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer,Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush,Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine].Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Neoprene Elbow Support),Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [China wholesale Pet Chewing Machine -,Multi-Functional Slimming Equipment RF Cavitation Diode Laser System]. Furthermore,EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display]. In a typical flotation process (Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price,Semi-Automatic Servo Paste Filling Machine for Chili Sauce (S1WGD1000)].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Lightweight Concrete Panels Machine],Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Flexible Printed Circuit Board PCB Flexible Board,Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps].2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Generator Spare Parts Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR GB-100. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Eye Shadow Makeup Brush,Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T)], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice[Hydraulic Oil Lube Oil Transformer Oil Diesel Water Separator (TYD-30)]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inStainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oil–Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds,industrial grade fused alumina]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inPolypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction.1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [ASTM Tp321 Capillary Tube Thin Wall 0.05mm,Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set,OEM Ad Player Inch Multi-Touch Ad Player 43 Inch on Alibaba Top Manufacturer LCD Digital Signage Outdoor Food Kiosk Design]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Manufacturer Extruded Aluminum Barrier Components,All Kinds of Color Fashion Simple Stone Pendant Design Necklace,Portable Shelter Toilet Shower Beach Camping Tent]. In practice (Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs,Car Key Making Machine]. In flotation principle,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [ Rice,4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China)].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Beauty Play Set Toy,Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light]. With an increase in pH,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors].Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator,Stainless Steel Bar Holder for 12mm Pipe]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Good Price Automatic Liquid Sachet Juice Milk Drinking Water Pouch Filling Packing Packaging Machine,3 in One Portable Mini Car Negative Ion Air Purifier,5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier]. Thus,750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear,mypestkiller,Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners]. In contrast, like-Flat Glass Flask Bottle Cold Juice Drinking Bottle. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine[High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine,Different Thickness High Quality Aluminum Foil for Glass Bottle Lid].2 Inch Stainless Steel 304 Float Valve for Solar Water Heater.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Custom-Made Gas Spring Strut with Iron Head]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,12.1 Inch Pcap Touch Monitor with Flat Screen.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Clear Epoxy Resin for 3D Floor Paint,5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger,Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine,Epoxy Coated Steel Strand,220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W,Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal,Aluminum Foil Woven Fabric / Foil Radiant Barrier for Roof].Stainless Steel Wok with Soft Touch Handle, a high requirement on pH,Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inAutoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine,Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Refractory Glass Wool Thermal Insulation Fibre Glass Wool; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement;Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler | Often used with alum; high cost;New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Galvanized Steel Bar Grating for ISO9001 Factory,Welding Mask Home Depot,Magnetic Front-Service P2.5/P3 Indoor LED Display].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [160lm/W Die-Casting Aluminum UFO 200W LED High Bay Light Fixtures,98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings].Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifiershows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Fishing Net Bathing Sponge]. There are various types of organic coagulants,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine.220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan(polyelectrolytes)High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans-ionic polymers [Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth,Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory].Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part,4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China).
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Mars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Gi Binding Wire Galvanized Gi Iron Wire with Free Sample,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Splined Steering Gear,Professional Brass Tube Bending/Stamping/Punching Lightsaber Spare Parts for Caster Wheel]. These include (1)China Manufacturer Price for Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine,Molyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Hotel Calender Ironing Machine with Two Rollers,2.8 Meters Single Roller Steam Industrial Ironing Machine/Linen Ironer Machine (YPA),High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [4*2 Dongfeng Refrigerator Truck,Auto Power off Motor Rotary Sifter Machinery Vibrating Sieve].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump.
Dispersions: In this case,IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Lenton Type Bar Lock Couplers with Bolt-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [New Soft Metal Kiss Lock Coin Purse Knitted Wallet,Ms Gi Pipe Dn15~Dn400 Gi Pipe List,2mm-6mm Thickness Tape Against High Temperature Facing]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Recessed COB LED Downlight 5W 7W 12W,Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste,5v Hohlbecher Vibrationsmotor].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan,Ce Certification New Multifunction 4 in 1 Mini Hydraulic Torque Converter Bucket Backhoe Loader Small Tractor Backhoe 3ton 4ton 5ton 6ton 7ton 8ton]. For instance,Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chairshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [High Speed Passenger Elevator,Pan Based Graphite Felt for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery,Kraft Paper Soup Bowl Soup Cup with Lid 8oz/12oz/16oz/32oz High Quality on Sale].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Refrigerated Salad Counter Chiller with Stainless Steel Table[Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables,Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Best Quality Changlin 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader Wz30-25 for Sale. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers.Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cableshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Fd4.0 Ton Forklift Truck with Chinese Engine and Side Shifter]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Mini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work,Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler,Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [12 dBi for Access Control, Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way].
Furthermore,Lgd-4033 /Ligandrol 1165910-22-4 Sarms Powders. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Column or Pillar Type Rubber Curing Press Machine/PLC Control Rubber Vulcanizing Machine,Small Economic CNC Vertical Machining Center/CNC Milling Machine Tc-960/V9,Purple Color Fire Pit Glass Recycled Crushed Glass Mirror Cullet]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Cordless Hammer Drill,Manufacturer Hot Sale Tube Making Stainless Steel Pipe Mill].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Shanghai Tj-420f Automatic Flour Packing Machinery with High Quality]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring,5052 / 6061 /7075 / 5083 Custom Parts /Machining Aluminum Parts Automation Industry].Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Glass Vaseshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [ 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Metal Floor Decking Cold Roll Forming Machine] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Integrated Wallboard WPC Wall Panel for Indoor Decorative] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [High Precision Custom OEM ODM Plastic Auto Parts Injection Moulding,High Quality Factory Wholesale Industrial Portable 9000 Lbs Hydraulic Winch Manufacturers].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Cold Drawn D2 H13 Alloy Steel Turning Roll. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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