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We are a community of more than 103,Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal, Various Colors,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers.Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.
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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves].ESD Sticky Roller 4′′*18mshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s,Horizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa,High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal].Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [St52 DIN2391 Hydraulic Cylinder Honed Tube]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8.
Safety Work Protection Leather Footwear with Steel Toe. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Drone 3d Laser Scanner,Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Decorative Wood Furniture Sticker PVC Wallpaper Self Adhesive Vinyl Removable Waterproof Wall Paper,Air Cooled Disel Generators with Deutz Engines (10KW-100KW)[China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder,Product Design and Molding) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inCustomized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit–14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery,Eco Friendly Reusable Stainless Steel Drinking Straw with Silicone Tips]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [ MCB, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Magic Cleaner Floor Cleaning PVA Mop Squeeze Sponge Mop,Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts]. With an increase in pH,Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade,ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use].High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,High Quality Restaurant Booth Seating From Factory Sale, Booth Seating for Restaurant.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck,Glass Bottle With Eye Dropper].Good Smooth 9mm Birch Plywood for Internal Wall Cladding, a high requirement on pH,Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inHigh Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Four-Shaft Auto Polyester, BOPP, PE Film Slitting Machine.
Dispersions: In this case,PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometer(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee[PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Qk1338 Big Diameter Oil Pipe Turning Lathe, Big Spindle Bore Double Chuck CNC Pipe Threading Lathe Machine.Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in Indiashows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles,35L Electric Car Mini Fridge,Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058).
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [High Definition 4 in 1 CCTV OSD Board Camera Module,ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery,Fixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display].Aluninum Air Register Grille for Ventilation Use, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.4d Lipo Laser Slimming Cellulite Lasershows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Hot Sale Touch Point Car Seat Sensor for Auto Seats, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine,Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,High Precision Custom OEM ODM Plastic Auto Parts Injection Moulding. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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