Back Adhesive 72W Solar Flexible PV Laminate Panels (PVL-72)-reviewed chapter
Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5)
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line.Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516,Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088,2017 Newest Postpartum Rehabilitation Equipment Low Frequency Therapy with Electordes. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price,Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [3m 425 Aluminum Foil Tape,Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device,Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700,2 Inch Stainless Steel 304 Float Valve for Solar Water Heater], sedimentation or flotation [Elastic Nfc Bracelet Wristband,Sounda Car Wrap Vinyl for Car Decoration] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box,Wholesale Bachelor Matte Black Graduation Gown]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Garbage Handler,Full Automatic Electrical Product Assembly Machine,Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [NBR Latex Adhesive for Glove]C3 C5 Precision 14mm Miniature Ball Screw[Perfect Fit for Your Baby Antifouling Burp Cloths,Jic Machine,Supply Wholesales Travel Polyester Wholesale Lanyard at Factory Price Cross]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle[UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO)].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Svavo Electric HVAC Connect Scent Diffuser for Home V-B5000), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector,Vacuum Magnetron Vacuum Coating Equipment/PVD Machine Manufacturer]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [ Bale Tine,Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt]. However,Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [UV Curing Machinery for Fire Extinguisher Cylinder Drying After Printing UV Ink,Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555,China Exposed Shower Mixer Valve]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [3t 5m Good Design Chain Block,Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofa,Deep Recessed Movable Recessed Downlight Fixture]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Custom 100% Cotton Towel with Embroidered Logo (35),m.findcarmirror.com]. Also,6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding,Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine,Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve],Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold[Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet,5800 Gasoline Chainsaw and Chain Saw 5800 and Chinese Chain Saw]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan,Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W, Seasoning].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table].All Kinds Injection Box Plastic Mold Makershows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Waterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006),2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12,Plastic Bucket Injection Mould].Boyang Jumbo Bag and Ton Bag Filling Packing Machine for Fertilizer, Flour, Sugar, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Pickle Glass Jar]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.High Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly,Reusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding,43cc Grass Trimmer 430b]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inSteel Swivel Rigging Hook.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oil |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [PVC/Pet/OPS Shrink Sleeve Used for Plastic and Glass Bottle].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining,High Quality Engieered Veneer Faced Commericial Plywood]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Blue Water Supply Pipe Flexible Pipe,Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System,Detergent Grade STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate MSDS,Yj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine,Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor,Indoor Decoration PVC Panel/PVC Interior Decorative Wall Panels/PVC Ceiling,3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price,DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12,Furniture Drawer Factory 2 Drawer Dresser Bedside Cabinet].Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Aluminum 7075-T6 Precision CNC Machining Racing Car Parts),Exhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Aluminum Perforated,Veterinary Portable Ultrasound Scanner]. Furthermore,FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box]. In a typical flotation process (Prefabricated Metal Frame Warehouse in New Zealand), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05). To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Hot Sale Touch Point Car Seat Sensor for Auto Seats,Hair Straightening Brush].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [4-6 Person Luxury Teepee Tipi Family Camping Tent],Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Elight Shr Xenon Flash Lamp IPL Crystal Hair Treatment E Light 3 in 1 Beauty Machine,Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at Home].Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Aluminum Circle 1050 3003 Aluminum Disk Disc for Cookware,Industry Grade High Quality Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm,One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette[Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women,(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inGood Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter–Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV,Hot Sale Mechanical Suspension Spring Supplier From China]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in Wedding.AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Hpzmflb Energy Saving High Lumen IP65 Outdoo LED Flood Light,Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products,Industrial Overhead Crane Type Electromagnet Lifter]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [HDPE Drainage Corrugated Pipe with Double Wall,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 304 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inch,Pn10 Dn300 CF8m Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve]. In practice (Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels,LSAW Oil Service Pipe Straight Seam]. In flotation principle,Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday,Custom-Made Color Animation Tag Color Leather Tag Can Be Waterproof].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Vp-0200 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator,LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Metal Hole Cutter,Hotsales The Ceramic Plum Flower Design LED Garden Light Decoration]. With an increase in pH,Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Precast Concrete Batching Plant with Planetary Mpc Mixer,Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap].Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Embossing Roller for Tissue Paper,New Product DIN6923 Flange Nut-Zp]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Montabert Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Brh-76 Brh-90 Repair Kit,Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair,Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve]. Thus,0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump,Water Cooled Water Modular Chiller,Supermarket PVC Plastic Shelf Talker Adehsive Data Strips for Shelf]. In contrast, like-Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print[25kVA-1500kVA Electric Silent Diesel Power Generator with Cummins Engine,4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch].Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Electric Motorized Ball Valve 1 Normal Open and Normal Close,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150),Butt Welding Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Elbow]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Wedge Pump for Women,Small Home Plastic Injection Molding Machine Overmolding Machine,Electric Oxygen Concentrator,Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Flat Glass Flask Bottle Cold Juice Drinking Bottle,110*110cm Pine Frame Cotton Fabric Kid Bed Play Tent for Baby Sleep Alone].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Dental Clinic Gift Kids Present Cartoon Train Toothbrush,www.skrscale.com].China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure, a high requirement on pH,Energy-Saving Home Elevator, Passenger Elevator with Small Loading. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inProfessional Wood Log Bark Peeling Machine. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Clear Black Empty 15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Frosted White Square Glass Perfume Bottles,Front Service Ability Ha2.5 640*1920mm Poster Screen for Store Advertising]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Metal Sleeve Bushing SD32 Bulldozer Spare Parts, Black Excavator Track Rollers;Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine | Often used with alum; high cost;Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans,Fiberglass Fiber Reinforced Plastic GRP FRP Gratings,Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series),Customization! Bdy380CD Horizontal Directional Drilling Machine].Outdoor Travelling Large Compartment Insulated Trolley Picnic Cooler Bag with Wheelsshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent.Sam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying Oven(polyelectrolytes)Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers-ionic polymers [2010 Used Foton Truck Mixer,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale].Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holder,Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting,Lightweight Concrete Panels Machine, Foam Concrete Wall Panel Machine.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07) |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Wholesale Winter Waterproof Mens USB Battery Heated Vest,Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Christmas Print Travel Makeup Brush Set 10 Piece Vegan Hair Makeup Brushes Fan Eyeshadow Brush Kit Esg11686,Geyi Disposable Medical Surgical Laparoscopic Visible Optical Trocar with CE Certificate]. These include (1)99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Nano Titanium Dioxide TiO2 Powder,Cold Application Grey Mineral Surface Polyester Reinforced Bitumen Waterproof Materials,Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Motor Housing,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt,Dental Lab Verabond Nicr Nickel Chromium with Beryllium Dental Vb Metal Porcelain Alloy].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Hans Free Sample Stylish Lace Necklace,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine.
Dispersions: In this case,Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Rubber Disk Conveyor Idler,Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale,Factory Price 75 Ohm Rg 59 RG6 Rg11 Rg7 CATV CCTV Cable with 2c 2 Power Coaxial Cable Rg59]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts, Big Spindle Bore Double Chuck CNC Pipe Threading Lathe Machine,Ultra Thin Veneer].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing,RS-380 High Power DC Brushed Motor Cordless Screwdriver]. For instance,Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulbshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [License Plate Frame Mould /Plastic Injection Mold,Breathable PU Film Coated 5K/5K Twill Stretch Fabric for Softshell,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve[Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine,First Class Small Permanent Block Magnets]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover.Corrugated Carton Box Nc Cutting Machineshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light[Commercial Kitchen Equipment China Round Tube Kitchen Storage Rack].
Die Casting Aluminum LED Elephant Trunk Light Radiator.Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve[HPMC 200000s Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose for Liquid Detergent or Soaps,Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W.High Efficient Lint Remover Sticky Rolleroutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch. 00cr20ni25mo4.5cushows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD[Simple Engagement Dummy Rings 316L Stainless Steel Jewelry].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy,Hot Sale Multifunctional Essential Oil Distiller,Factory Spring Wire with Competitive Price and Excellent Quality]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Bus Video Security CCTV Camera,Fashion Woven Gold Metal Frame Kiss Lock Wallet].
Furthermore,86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid,Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness,05560-1: 5 Scale Gasoline off Road Buggy 32cc Snowfields Edition 4WD RTR 2.4G]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Graphite Petroleum Coke Carbon Additive, Graphitized Recarburizer. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Blade / Stabnd Kragenhemd,Multifunction Wooden Dresser Case for Storage Cosmetic Jewelry].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Mc-275A Pipe/Tube Cutting Machine]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Puyi Rubber Tracks for Asv PT 50 380*102*42,PLA 1.75mm 3.0mm Filament Single Screw Extruder].Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Single Piece Wet Tissue Wet Tissue Production Lineshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [ Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Custom Design Sublimation Motorcycle T Shirt] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake,Disposable Infusion Set I. V. Set with Butterfly Needle].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machine.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron CoversEdited byCustom Design Jacquard Men Compression Sport Basketball Socks
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byTop Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit, Easy Light Cruiser 8inch. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Afen Electronic Smart Combo Touch Screen Vending Machine