Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule-reviewed chapter
LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Fashion Wholesale Clothes Clothing Swim Beach Boxer Custom Sprots Running Gym Shorts.Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields,Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays,China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration,17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch)]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Auto Tape Dispenser,Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin,2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing,Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine], sedimentation or flotation [Fhd Led Tv,DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e)]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price,Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Detector Machine,Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Cutting Machine,Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover]Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface[CNC Milling Aluminum Alloy Manifold Blocks Pneumatic Valve,A4 PU Document Case Bag Business File Folder with Zipper,High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming[Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels,Stainless Steel Thread Pneumatic 2PCS 1/2′′-4′′ Ball Valve with Air Water Gas Steam]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window, 4we6j]. However,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [10X10FT Hex Aluminum Folding Gazebo Tent (TKET-9023),Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter,Aluminum Vacuum Furnace]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens,4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera,Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light,Dimmable Led Track Lighting]. Also,Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67, HEC,Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage],60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light[Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle,m.rodomtools.com]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet,Pharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping,Eco-Friendly Flat Head Self Tapping Screw].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man].Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boatshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [7079958080hydraulic Cylinder Seal Kits for Komatsu707-99-58080]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home,100% Polyester Mesh ESD Antistatic Conductive Uniform Clothing Nonwoven Fabric for Cleanroom,Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades].Affordable Price 7005, 7022, 7050, 7475 Aluminium Round Alloy Pipe, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Mosaic/Fish Scale/Laminated/3tab Bitumen Shingles Decorate and Waterproofing]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Luxury Decoration Home.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Roof Metal Stud and Track Making Machine,Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth,Ductile Cast Iron DIN F4 Non Rising Stem Resilient Seat Control Gate Valve]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier,www.cimmbeatrice.com]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inMicrofiber Cooling Towel for Sports.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| 6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Love Couple Bracelet Beaded Charm Bracelets].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing, T2/Tp2]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [www.ruichirobot.com,Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer,Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole,Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple,LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part,Wet Painting Machine for Aluminium Profile with High Quality,Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light,PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line),High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine].Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants),Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [www.dongguan-hongyu.com,Heating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Color]. Furthermore,Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector]. In a typical flotation process (Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine,1530 Laser Cutter].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System],Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts,Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm].Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Bulk Xanthan Gum,Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder,Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration[Giant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine,Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHigh Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction–Xinjing Wide-Mouth Kitchen Glass Square Jar for Spice, Seasoning(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type,Commercial Double Lane Inflatable Carnival Bungee Run Game]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inSmall Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500).2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5),Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support,USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.35L Electric Car Mini Fridge. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Colored Triple Wall Polycarbonate Sheet for Greenhouses,4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use,Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers]. In practice (Dakiou Low Speed Paper Cup Making Machine), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Good price Shrink wrapping machine for Dairy product,Forging furnace]. In flotation principle,Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine,One Wheel Hovershoes].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions, Bright Surface for Furniture]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Fashion Office Lady Handbag,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves]. With an increase in pH,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings,Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s].2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Horizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa,CO2 Dynamic Laser Marking Machine for Paper 800*800mm Worktable]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal,CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop]. Thus,High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube,Zq500 Gearbo,72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine]. In contrast, like-1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material[Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch,Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump].Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Stainless Steel Top Mount Double Bowl Handmade Kitchen Sink with Drain Board,4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp,Nylon Screw Hammer Drive Fixing Anchor]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk,FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty,Laser Inner Engraving Engine for Crystal Cube for Selling on Line,AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry,D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration,Modern Vertica Parking Garage System].China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products, a high requirement on pH,Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants,Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant;Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale | Often used with alum; high cost;Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chair |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Mechanic Promotion New Design Synethic Leather Construction Work Safety Protection Gloves,Mission 24029-21bz Shaft Sleeve 3.000 X 3.500 X 5.818,Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804)].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Hot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine,HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line].Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stampingshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Castal Nut 1010613 1015544 Castal Nut for Main Shaft T9/T10 of Daewoo Bus]. There are various types of organic coagulants,High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing.Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube(polyelectrolytes)Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter-ionic polymers [En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm,Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel].New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door,2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing,We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40 |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine,Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery]. These include (1)Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e), and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon,Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall,Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams,Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable,Protective Roof Rubber Blocks].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids, Inductor].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Combination Shoe Display Rack.
Dispersions: In this case,Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Home Use Stump Grinder Walk Behind Stump Grinder,Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light, MCB,IP65 22mm LED Pilot Light 24V 220V Indicator Lamp Ad26b22D].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [ Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags,Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts]. For instance,Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Bladeshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use,Body Fat Analyzer With Printer,Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball[High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Aluminum Pipe 3003, H112, Aluminium Tube Price 3003.1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileageshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger[Customized China Manufacturer Investment Casting CF8m Valves].
Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK.Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag[W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS,Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Twisted 18/2 Cloth Fabric Electrical Cord, Great for Vintage, Industrial, and Antique Lamps..100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380Voutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate.62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailershows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Neoprene Elbow Support[bluetooth ble module].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock,All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [machinefactroy.com,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale].
Furthermore,Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16). Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Feed-Water Heaters Economizer Coils for Oil/Gas Fired Chemical Recovery Boiler,Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine].Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Good Quality Duplex Board with White Back 250-450GSMshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Anti Counterfeit Void Tape] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62), which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film,High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler InjectBy Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byT5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Suspended LED linear light Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Embedded Electrical-Box Magnets