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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:It Looks Different Quality File Folder Printing@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Precast Concrete Batching Plant with Planetary Mpc Mixer]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap],Hot Selling Portable Plastic Kids Child Baby Food Eat Feeding High Dining Chair for Restaurant, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Embossing Roller for Tissue Paper,Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Montabert Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Brh-76 Brh-90 Repair Kit].Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Zinc Plated 14# 1 Building Material DIN7504K SDS Roofing Screws(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Daf System Water Treatment Air Flotation Oil and Water Separator,Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof,Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag[Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inAG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump–Double Layers Sponge Face Mask with Valve(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Supermarket PVC Plastic Shelf Talker Adehsive Data Strips for Shelf,Butterfly Valve Dn600 Manufacturers Cheap Price]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Dental Clinic Gift Kids Present Cartoon Train Toothbrush,Professional Wood Log Bark Peeling Machine]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Economy Dishwashing Detergent,Clear Black Empty 15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Frosted White Square Glass Perfume Bottles]. With an increase in pH,Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Front Service Ability Ha2.5 640*1920mm Poster Screen for Store Advertising,High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans].Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller.
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Hotsales The Ceramic Plum Flower Design LED Garden Light Decoration; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb,License Plate Frame Mould /Plastic Injection Mold].Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machineshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [POF Heat Shrinkable Film (HY-SF-008)]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Making.High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card(polyelectrolytes)110*110cm Pine Frame Cotton Fabric Kid Bed Play Tent for Baby Sleep Alone-ionic polymers [Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine,First Class Small Permanent Block Magnets].Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Cotton/Polyester 7 Gauge Safety String Knitted Work Glove with PVC Dotted on Both Side,Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape.
Name
Formula
Typical properties
Uses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl
PAC 23
* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH
Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC
* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23
* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3
PAC-10 LB
* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl
Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650). Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
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Dispersions: In this case,Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Wholesale Grade 5A 100% Human Virgin Brazilian Hair Weave(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Mini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work[2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts,Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens.Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rakeshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B)]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Kid Multipurpose Slim RFID Blocking Leather Wallet for Men,Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set with Percision Set,Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone Tws Wireless Earbuds Mini Bluetooth Stereo Headphone Mobile Earphone.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [New 33/51/72/96LED Solar Garden Flickering Flame Torch Light (RS127),Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [High Speed Small Brushless Motor,7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem].Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Black Nylon School Handbags Bag Travel Bag Laptop Backpack (FRT4-09)shows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,New SMT Desktop Reflow Oven, Puhui T-937, SMD LED Soldering Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber,Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Different Color & Size AA1100&3003 H16/H18 PE/PVDF Color Aluminum Coil. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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