Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water-reviewed chapter
Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G)
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass.3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [6 Inch Ventilation Fan Fresh Air,Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [4 Pin 10 Pin Molex 2510 Flat Cable Connectors, Metal Sheet Metal Manufacturing,LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface)], sedimentation or flotation [Good Stability High Speed Box Motion Type Capsule Aluminum Foil Packing Machine,Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves,5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [RJ45 8 Pin 8 Core Network Cable,ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse, Sugar]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing]China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine[Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube,Anodized Cnc Machine Parts,Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal[Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Laser Marking Machine/Laser Marker/Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Engraver), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G),Anti-Corrosion Industrial Centrifugal Blower]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens,Indoor Full Color HD LED Video Display Curtain]. However,Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine,Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price,Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type,SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315,PVC Foam Sheet 20mm Thickness PVC Board Building Materials]. Also,The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Security, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage,Professional Custom Kraft Paper Gift Box Drawer Jewelry Pastry Box,THK Bearing SSR20wxss],Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine[Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar,Custom Design Logo Projection Tag Lights]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter,Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117),Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [ BOPP].Boot Man Martin Shoesshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16)]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Vh-8 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Mixer Machine for Mixing Dry Powder,Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border].Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Cummins Isde Engine Fuel Transfer Pipe 4940552 4933414 3979351 3977928]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box,OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation,Splice Tray for Fiber Optic Cable Joint Closure Black]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inCommercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact Laminate | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Fire Resistance Reflective Flame Retardant Fabric].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192),LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Titanium Flat Head Machine Screw Supplier & Factory,All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen,Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design,Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer,Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip,Facial Body Hair Removal,Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt,China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck,Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors].Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil),Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Hot Selling Professional Plastic Injection Automotive Parts Molding, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp]. Furthermore,High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape]. In a typical flotation process (Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa,Auto Bearing Sleeve Ball Bearing Tapered Adapter Sleeve H3936 H3136 H 2336 H3938 H3138 H2338 H3036 (OH3036HB OH3136 OH2336 OH3838 OH3138 OH2338)].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05)]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010],Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents,PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather].Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Can Manufacturing Industry,High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point,Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable[Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine,8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke–Custom Tempered Glass Top, Silk-Screen Printing Glass Dining Table Top(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring,Brass Hose Fitting in Water System]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inWater Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis.AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [ 1300mm,High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [3 Colors Manufacturer High Quality Double Side Thicken Baby Blanket Coral Fleece Blanket,Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen,Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC]. In practice ( Automatic Bolt), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS,Fire Fighting Glove]. In flotation principle,LDPE/PE Clear Transparent Ziplock Bags Plastic Zip Lock Packaging Bag for Power Flour, Snack Food Packaging-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342,Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck,Fat Tire Electric Scooter 2000W E Bike Electric Scooter with Big Wheel Motor]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Biobase High Precision Medicine Liquid Clarity Tester,0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration]. With an increase in pH,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch),Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet].Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin,24c02 Card]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing,Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine,DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal]. Thus,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e),Beauty Set Toy,Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price]. In contrast, like-Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall[Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe,Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Cutting Machine].New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#).
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM).
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Acrylic Fiberglass Sleeving Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale,Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover,CNC Milling Aluminum Alloy Manifold Blocks Pneumatic Valve]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal,Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine,Led Desk Clock,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels,Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [ 4we6j,Laser Cutting Fabrics Machine].Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration, a high requirement on pH,12V Car Tail Light for Ranger. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in10X10FT Hex Aluminum Folding Gazebo Tent (TKET-9023). Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter,Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine;UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO) | Often used with alum; high cost;One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera,Brake Shoe Assembly,Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light,Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67]. HECshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Luxury Wedding Collapsible/Folding Paper Packing Gift Box for Gift Packaging]. There are various types of organic coagulants,High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding.Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children(polyelectrolytes)Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens-ionic polymers [Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage,Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle].High Precision Alloy Aluminum Plate Guillotine Shearing Machine,Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102 |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Oil Gas Line Pipe, API 5L Spec 5L Steel Pipe, Grade B or X42 12m Steel Tube |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet,Pharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Tassel Drop Earrings,Eco-Friendly Flat Head Self Tapping Screw]. These include (1)Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man,7079958080hydraulic Cylinder Seal Kits for Komatsu707-99-58080,Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Wholesale PU Vegan Leather Practical Compact Checkered Wallet and Blocking with Card Holder Organizer for Women,100% Polyester Mesh ESD Antistatic Conductive Uniform Clothing Nonwoven Fabric for Cleanroom,Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Roof Metal Stud and Track Making Machine,Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton.
Dispersions: In this case,Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Hot Rolled/Cold Rolled ERW, Hollow Section, Square Pipe, En 10210/En10219, Carbon Steel Pipe(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Spotting Drills,Ductile Cast Iron DIN F4 Non Rising Stem Resilient Seat Control Gate Valve,High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports,Love Couple Bracelet Beaded Charm Bracelets,Carbon Fibre Tubes].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing, T2/Tp2]. For instance,Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainershows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole,20 Ton Crawler Excavator Manufacturers Cheap Price,Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Stainless Steel 304/316 Threaded NPT/Bsp Fittings Cross[LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part,Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Liaoning Shenyang Densen Customized Economic Silicon Carbide Resistance Induction Sintering Furnace Vhs 449. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry.PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line)shows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing[Plastic Animal Skeletons].
Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass.Purple Color Fire Pit Glass Recycled Crushed Glass Mirror Cullet[High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine,Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device.Heating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Coloroutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Reusable UHF RFID Cable Sealing Tag for Container/Logistic Tracking.Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collectorshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse[M4 Pneumatic Air Driven Liquid Booster Pump].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine,High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor,200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Natural Stone Rings Factory & Manufacturer,2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts].
Furthermore,Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm,Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women,Giant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,High Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Batch Fabrication, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [OEM Aluminum Auto Spare High Precision Metal CNC Machinery Mold Parts,High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500),Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5)].25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Beard Brush Setshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [630ton Four Column Hydraulic and Mechanical Deep Drawing Press Machine with Die Cushion] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,2010 Used Foton Truck Mixer, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Chinese Supplier Cheap Class 2 Hi Vis Shirts for Construction Site, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Dakiou Low Speed Paper Cup Making Machine,Good price Shrink wrapping machine for Dairy product].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Invisible green/olive green Disposable SMS/PP/nonwoven sterile surgical gown with knitted cuff.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring SealEdited byLuxury Living Room Carpet
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Road Bicycle Tyres