HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA-reviewed chapter
Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Lenton Type Bar Lock Couplers with Bolt.Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe,Refrigerated Salad Counter Chiller with Stainless Steel Table,Best Quality Changlin 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader Wz30-25 for Sale. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Bathroom Glass,Dental Lab Verabond Nicr Nickel Chromium with Beryllium Dental Vb Metal Porcelain Alloy]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Hans Free Sample Stylish Lace Necklace,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System,Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale], sedimentation or flotation [Ceiling Tilting Tv Mount,Factory Price 75 Ohm Rg 59 RG6 Rg11 Rg7 CATV CCTV Cable with 2c 2 Power Coaxial Cable Rg59] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [ Big Spindle Bore Double Chuck CNC Pipe Threading Lathe Machine,Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Sand Casting Parts,RS-380 High Power DC Brushed Motor Cordless Screwdriver,Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [License Plate Frame Mould /Plastic Injection Mold]Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable[Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine,Groove Type Wood Log Tree Peeling and Debarking Machine,Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’3inch, P60, Ts Type Vsm Zirconia & Ceramic Roloc Disc[First Class Small Permanent Block Magnets].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Corrugated Carton Box Nc Cutting Machine), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [HPMC 200000s Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose for Liquid Detergent or Soaps,Rcm Certification for Scanning Electronic Input Pen]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule,High Efficient Lint Remover Sticky Roller]. However,Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [ 00cr20ni25mo4.5cu,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch,www.ahpipecladding.com]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy,Hot Sale Multifunctional Essential Oil Distiller,Factory Spring Wire with Competitive Price and Excellent Quality]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Fashion Woven Gold Metal Frame Kiss Lock Wallet,Turbo Row Grinding Wheel]. Also,Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid,Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness,05560-1: 5 Scale Gasoline off Road Buggy 32cc Snowfields Edition 4WD RTR 2.4G],Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine[Multifunction Wooden Dresser Case for Storage Cosmetic Jewelry,Aluminium Parts Small Door Zl Bracket for Magnetic Lock]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Mc-275A Pipe/Tube Cutting Machine,Puyi Rubber Tracks for Asv PT 50 380*102*42,PLA 1.75mm 3.0mm Filament Single Screw Extruder].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case].Blue Limestoneshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [ Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts,Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors),Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake].BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Audience Response Software]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Panda WiFi IP Camera, HD Baby Monitor for Baby, Pet, Old People. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Disposable Infusion Set I. V. Set with Butterfly Needle,Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire,8*4*3.5m Inflatable Spray Booth]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine,New Arrival China Anti Vibration Bumper - AC1416 - Zhuohui]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inCustom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B).
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Abnm-Uvss08 Fixed Water-Proof Under Vehicle Security Inspection System | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | 2.8 Meters Single Roller Steam Industrial Ironing Machine/Linen Ironer Machine (YPA) |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Kid Multipurpose Slim RFID Blocking Leather Wallet for Men].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set with Percision Set,Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Turnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Twin Screw Floating and Sinking Fish Shrimp Food Feed Making Extruder,Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish,Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers,Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components,a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machine,Competitive Price HPMC E5 E15 E50 K4m K15m Used as Coating,Jd-Ds211 Customized Floor Drain with Watermark Wels Certificate,Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill,High Speed Small Brushless Motor].Excellent Fire Resistance Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle for Residential Roofs, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem),Metal Floor Decking Cold Roll Forming Machine. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Telecommunications Industry Pcb Manufacturers, SMD LED Soldering Machine]. Furthermore,2019 Latest Designs 120GSM Luxury Quality Bed in a Bag Comforter Set.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover]. In a typical flotation process (FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Hot Sale Mobile Phone Shop Display Furniture Interior Design. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump,Cheap Price Kitchen Sink Faucet].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor],T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [High Resolution Full Digital Trolley Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine/ Portable Ultrasound Mslcu30,Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale].Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Nylon Weatherproof PA6 Strain Relief Cable Gland. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [2pe Anticorrosion Steel Pipe,2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor,DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan[Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (PP Woven Bag, Rice, Beans, Plastic Bag,Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere Sweater) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inIndustrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle–0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store,Guantes De Polietileno]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inOEM 250ml Body Butter Body Lotion.Sheet Metal Processing Stainless Steel Galvanized Metal Parts Stamping Bending Production, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail,Air-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with Windows,Matte Finish Matt Finish Oxidation Scale Layer Removing Turbo Tumbler]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.HPMC 200000s Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose for Liquid Detergent or Soaps. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Tool Backpack With Laptop,Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products,Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46)]. In practice (14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler,Ladies Bra And Underwear]. In flotation principle,China Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Aluminum Pipe 3003,High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox,Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Air Purifer Hepa Filter H14,PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards]. With an increase in pH,Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part].Portable Laser Engraver 20W.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays,Gym Workout Anti-Cellulite Compression Push up Trousers Fitness Leggings Sports Wear]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine,Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t,Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country]. Thus,High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation,Decoration Wood Furniture Protection Paper Wood Grain Paper,Hot Sale Distiller′s Grains Dewatering Machine Chinese Medicine Screw Press Solid Separator with Good Quality]. In contrast, like-Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels[Suspended LED linear light Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile,Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting].Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Prepinted Steel Sheet for Building PPGL Tile(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Vital Injector(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Cork Coaster Set, P60,Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve,Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank,Hinged Rectangular Christmas Chocolate Tin Box for Metal Gift Packaging,Telescopic Camera Jib Crane]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine,Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine,3D Print New Designs PVC Panels in 2019].Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315, a high requirement on pH,Good Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inWedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07). Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Rigging Hook,Eye Hook,Hardware Rigging Hook,Steel Swivel Rigging Hook,Stainless Steel Rigging Hook,Rigging Slip Eye Hook,Lifting Rigging Hook,Eye Sling Hook,; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel;Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket | Often used with alum; high cost;Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box,30mm Cap Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws,Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System].Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locksshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Blister Pvc Sheet]. There are various types of organic coagulants,High Grade Handbags Accessories Gold Custom Metal Zipper Pull, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags.Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm(polyelectrolytes)Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge-ionic polymers [ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker,Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold].High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt,Europe Quality ACP Aluminum Composite Panels for Building Decoration,Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate,High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650)].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Touch Panel Module,Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack]. These include (1)10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process,9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine,Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Cisco Sfp-10g-Lr,Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale,Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes,Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China.
Dispersions: In this case,Glycol Water Cooled Scroll Chiller Manufacturer. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at Home-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [m.asanotech.com,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price,Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce,Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml,Nylon Insert Hex Flange Lock Nut Flange Nylon Lock Nut Hex Nylon Lock Nut].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court, Booth Seating for Restaurant]. For instance,Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controllershows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks,Universal 6-Antennas Car Remote Control Blocker 315/433/434/435/868/915MHz RF Radio Jammer,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price[a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 Lidocaine HCl, Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way.Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Watershows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting[Premium USB Type C Male to VGA USB Type-C Female Converter Adapter Cable].
Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop.Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs[High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill,Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.50X100 Hollow Section, Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube.Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Paperoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag.Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machineshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoor[a Durable Refrigerator Blood Storage Refrigerator].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine,Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516,70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Soft Animal Triceratop Design Hood Baby Bath Blanket Fleece Baby Blanket,GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet].
Furthermore,Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould,FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [19 Inch Vandal Proof Projected Capacitive Touchscreen Monitor LCD Display,Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging].Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Wholesale High Quality Crystal Rhinestone Tiaras Crown for Womenshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [ Great for Vintage] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Customized Small Planetary Transmission Reduction Marine Gearbox] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Fd4.0 Ton Forklift Truck with Chinese Engine and Side Shifter, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart,1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk, Max-Wb Sneaker, Baby Shoe Esg10361. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber PaperEdited byAcquista qui paga qui rimozione Gps
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byFC Fiber Optics Adapter
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Diamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Type. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent