Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light-reviewed chapter
China Stainless Steel Manual Food Grade & Hygienic Sanitary Ball & Butterfly Valve
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
100% Polyester Mesh ESD Antistatic Conductive Uniform Clothing Nonwoven Fabric for Cleanroom.Fruit Juice Production Line,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150),Wedge Pump for Women. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofa,Deep Recessed Movable Recessed Downlight Fixture]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Boyang Fertilizer Open Top Bag Double Mouth Single Bucket Scale,Custom 100% Cotton Towel with Embroidered Logo (35)]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding,Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine,Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve], sedimentation or flotation [Stairs Clear Tempered Glass,Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W, Seasoning]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Bibs For Kids,Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Waterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006)]Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro[2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12,150lm/W Led High Bay Manufacturers Cheap Price,Plastic Bucket Injection Mould]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes[High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Reusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter,Gardner Denver Pz-8]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding,Steel Swivel Rigging Hook]. However,20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [PVC/Pet/OPS Shrink Sleeve Used for Plastic and Glass Bottle,Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining,Down Proof]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [High Quality Engieered Veneer Faced Commericial Plywood,Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System,Detergent Grade STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate MSDS]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Yj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine,Ang Gu Kueh Makingmachine Manufacturers Cheap Price]. Also,High-Grade Beautiful Clothes Hooks Wooden & Metal Row Hooks (ZH-7005), for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor,3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price,DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12],Microfiber Beach Towel Fast Dry Towel, Outdoor Towel, Travel Towel, Swim Towel, Yoga Towel[Furniture Drawer Factory 2 Drawer Dresser Bedside Cabinet,10t Single Girder Overhead Crane Radio Remote Control]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Aluminum 7075-T6 Precision CNC Machining Racing Car Parts,Veterinary Portable Ultrasound Scanner,Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Prefabricated Metal Frame Warehouse in New Zealand].312-5620 Solenoidshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Hot Sale Touch Point Car Seat Sensor for Auto Seats]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing,4-6 Person Luxury Teepee Tipi Family Camping Tent,Elight Shr Xenon Flash Lamp IPL Crystal Hair Treatment E Light 3 in 1 Beauty Machine].Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Car Body Parts Side Mirror]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.4-6 Person Luxury Teepee Tipi Family Camping Tent.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at Home,Industry Grade High Quality Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Good Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter,W Shape Landscape Artificial Grass for Home Decoration 35mm Garden Grass]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inTiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Hot Rolled No. 1 Stainless Steel Sheet (201, 304, 316, 304L, 321) | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Lexan Polyester with LCD Window /Customer Membrane Keyboard Switch Control Push Button |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [ Wedding].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Hpzmflb Energy Saving High Lumen IP65 Outdoo LED Flood Light,Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [OSD Language Wireless Smart LED TV 32 Inch Android OS 4.4 System RJ45,Industrial Overhead Crane Type Electromagnet Lifter,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 304 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inch,Pn10 Dn300 CF8m Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator,Xsg Series High-Speed Rotating Dryer PVC Resin Powder Dryer Machine,WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels,Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday,Custom-Made Color Animation Tag Color Leather Tag Can Be Waterproof].Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Vp-0200 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator),72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Plasma Cutting Torch Supplier & Manufacturer,LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN]. Furthermore,3003 Grade Aluminum Coil Tube for Air Conditioner Condenser.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Hotsales The Ceramic Plum Flower Design LED Garden Light Decoration]. In a typical flotation process (Precast Concrete Batching Plant with Planetary Mpc Mixer), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,300L Micro Turnkey Beer Brewery Equipment. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap,Given Bag Rotary Packing Machine].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Embossing Roller for Tissue Paper]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Montabert Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Brh-76 Brh-90 Repair Kit],Factory Direct Big Size of Industry Circulating Chiller -80c Ultra-Low Temp Cooler, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair,Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve].Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Food Waste Granules Making Organic Fertilizer Machine, Granulator Machine(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [skin care cream glass jar,AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder,Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type)[Supermarket PVC Plastic Shelf Talker Adehsive Data Strips for Shelf]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils,Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in25kVA-1500kVA Electric Silent Diesel Power Generator with Cummins Engine–Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch,Aluminum Foam Roof Panels]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inNon Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal.Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150),Butt Welding Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Elbow,Wedge Pump for Women]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Luxury Embossing Recyclable Catering Paper Board Storage Box Fot Bottle Perfume,Small Home Plastic Injection Molding Machine Overmolding Machine,Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel]. In practice (Flat Glass Flask Bottle Cold Juice Drinking Bottle), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [110*110cm Pine Frame Cotton Fabric Kid Bed Play Tent for Baby Sleep Alone,Construction Spare Parts]. In flotation principle,China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Dental Clinic Gift Kids Present Cartoon Train Toothbrush,Professional Wood Log Bark Peeling Machine].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Clear Black Empty 15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Frosted White Square Glass Perfume Bottles,Front Service Ability Ha2.5 640*1920mm Poster Screen for Store Advertising]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Excellente Spesso Home/Hotel Textiles Duvet Quilt (DPF1083),High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans]. With an increase in pH,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball,Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series)].High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Customization! Bdy380CD Horizontal Directional Drilling Machine,RoHS Black Woven Wraparound Cable Sleeve for Management]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Outdoor Travelling Large Compartment Insulated Trolley Picnic Cooler Bag with Wheels,2010 Used Foton Truck Mixer,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale]. Thus,Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Wholesale Winter Waterproof Mens USB Battery Heated Vest,Black Embroidered Flat Brim Cap Baseball Cap Sunbonnet Hip Hop Cap Outdoor Cap Activity Cap Gift Cap Promotional Cap,Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump]. In contrast, like-Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Custom Precision OEM Fineblanking Stamping Small Types of Aluminum/Iron/Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part Car Linkage[Geyi Disposable Medical Surgical Laparoscopic Visible Optical Trocar with CE Certificate,Nano Titanium Dioxide TiO2 Powder].The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Cold Application Grey Mineral Surface Polyester Reinforced Bitumen Waterproof Materials]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [www.xzlinear.com,Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Dental Lab Verabond Nicr Nickel Chromium with Beryllium Dental Vb Metal Porcelain Alloy,Hans Free Sample Stylish Lace Necklace,Bible Engraving Machine,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale,Factory Price 75 Ohm Rg 59 RG6 Rg11 Rg7 CATV CCTV Cable with 2c 2 Power Coaxial Cable Rg59].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts,Unique Dining Room Sets LED Cheap Flower Pots Garden Flower Pots].Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding, a high requirement on pH,Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in Big Spindle Bore Double Chuck CNC Pipe Threading Lathe Machine. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing,RS-380 High Power DC Brushed Motor Cordless Screwdriver]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun;Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly | Often used with alum; high cost;Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extrusion Making Machine,License Plate Frame Mould /Plastic Injection Mold].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine,Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine].First Class Small Permanent Block Magnetsshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Children Bicycles Bicycle]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey).Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block(polyelectrolytes)Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store-ionic polymers [Corrugated Carton Box Nc Cutting Machine,HPMC 200000s Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose for Liquid Detergent or Soaps].4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch,Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine,5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule,High Efficient Lint Remover Sticky Roller].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Concrete Reinforcing Wire Mesh Panel Deformed Steel Bar Reinforcement Mesh, 00cr20ni25mo4.5cu]. These include (1)Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch,Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy,Hot Sale Multifunctional Essential Oil Distiller]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Cheap Hydraulic Station Pump Hydraulic Station Manufacturer,Factory Spring Wire with Competitive Price and Excellent Quality,Fashion Woven Gold Metal Frame Kiss Lock Wallet].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid,Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo.
Dispersions: In this case,Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Hand Stretch Wrap,05560-1: 5 Scale Gasoline off Road Buggy 32cc Snowfields Edition 4WD RTR 2.4G,Multifunction Wooden Dresser Case for Storage Cosmetic Jewelry]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Mc-275A Pipe/Tube Cutting Machine,Puyi Rubber Tracks for Asv PT 50 380*102*42,RFID Anti-Theft Hidden Neck Stash Wallet for Tour].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [PLA 1.75mm 3.0mm Filament Single Screw Extruder,Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case]. For instance, Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purityshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts,2019 Cost Price of Automatic Plastic Bag Sachet Film Packing Sachet Beverage Liquid Water Pouch Filling Equipment Sachet (Soy) Milk Filling Sealing Machine,Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce[Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake,Disposable Infusion Set I. V. Set with Butterfly Needle]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print.Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wireshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale[jinbinvalve.com].
201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet.3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing[8*4*3.5m Inflatable Spray Booth,Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel.Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B)outlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link.Kid Multipurpose Slim RFID Blocking Leather Wallet for Menshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12[Coupler Quick Connect].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set with Percision Set]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit,Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish,Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [School Backpack Factory OEM/ODM Products,Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components].
Furthermore,Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machine,Jd-Ds211 Customized Floor Drain with Watermark Wels Certificate,Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface), biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Hot Sale PP Strapping Extrusion Line/PP Box Belt Production Line,High Speed Small Brushless Motor].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [ SMD LED Soldering Machine,Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover].Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.92%-94% Calcium Chloride Granules Suppliers for Saleshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Color Coated Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [High Resolution Full Digital Trolley Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine/ Portable Ultrasound Mslcu30,Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser). This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Aluminum Household Step Ladder.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet ProductsEdited byXanthan Gum For Tooth
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byAluminum Pipe 3003
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Laundry Steam Press Machine