Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol-reviewed chapter
Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail.Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation,Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing,Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox,Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [RF Coaxial 7/8 Eia Flange Connector for 7/8 Foam Feeder Cable,PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part,Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays], sedimentation or flotation [T-Handle to Operate Electrical Cabinet Lock Zinc Alloy Outdoor Communication Box Cabinet Lock,Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country,Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Table Qr Code Scanner Factory & Manufacturer,Hot Sale Distiller′s Grains Dewatering Machine Chinese Medicine Screw Press Solid Separator with Good Quality,Suspended LED linear light Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting]Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case[Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts,Custom Quick Coupler, P60]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W[Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank,ASTM Bw Stainless Steel Reducer (concentric]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Telescopic Camera Jib Crane,0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine]. However,Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine,Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07),Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box,m.gl-fiber.com]. Also,Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additive, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8,Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws,Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System],Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse[Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks,Construction Lifting Equipment Hoisting]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker,Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650)].Cable Hdmi 5m Suppliers for Saleshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process,9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine,Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building].Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [www.yxzx-extrusion.com]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale,Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line,Long Span Tunnel Lining]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown in20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce,Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Lady Clothing Shop Interior Design,150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court, Booth Seating for Restaurant,Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller,Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks,m.frdglove.com,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk].Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale, Self Control Plane Carousel Ride, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water),Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Bio&Media Urea (UA) Test Kit/Ivd Reagent/Uao-Pod Method/Hospital/Lab,High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill]. Furthermore,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device]. In a typical flotation process (Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Paper), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine,Double Ark Bread Cabinet Refrigerator with Three Layers].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine],Wholesale Cheap Price Custom Printed Block Bottom Paper Airsickness Bag/Clean Bag, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516,70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller].LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Color Coated Steel Coil, Ral9002 White Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Z275/Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Aluminum Mountian Bicycle MTB Frame with 15.5inch 16.5inch 17.5inch Optional. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)2 Kg 0.1g 0.01g Accuracy and Type Weighing Scales in China LED Display(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Ptfe Architectural Membrane Material,GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake,USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window[Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (China Factory Direct Custom Ductile Iron Floor Drain Grate,High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inPartition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould–3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector,Night Camo Camouflage Military Combat Shirt or Frog Suit with Pants]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inTemperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart.Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven,Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Heating Mode or Monoblock Type Especially for Cold Climate,Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg,4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price]. In practice (Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [ Great for Vintage,Inter Core I7 Desktop]. In flotation principle,First Class Small Permanent Block Magnets-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart,1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter,Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Steel Brass Hex/Pan/Socket Head Assembly Screw with Washer,High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass]. With an increase in pH,High Quality Factory Wholesale Industrial Portable 9000 Lbs Hydraulic Winch Manufacturers. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Accessories 90 Degree Tee,High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood].High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm,T45 Tapered Button Bits/Thread Button Bit/Drill Bits for All Types of Rock and Concrete]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Customized Laminated Pouch / Bag for Food or Medicine,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat,1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper]. Thus,High Speed Passenger Elevator, Shopping Mall Passenger Elevator.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag,Q345 Design Industrial Factory Price Steel Frame Components,304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe]. In contrast, like-Security Car DVR Camera Digital Car Dash Cam. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Ice Block Making Machine for Making Ice (BD-A20)[Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover,FC Fiber Optics Adapter].Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Climb Bucket Concrete Mixing Plant]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Outdoor Advertising Digital P5 Rental LED Display Screen Prices Stage,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204),Building Materials Aluminum Profile with Thermal Break and Anodizing]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food,Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point,Factory Nonwoven 7-9mm Thick Nomex Felt of Needle Punched,Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand,30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [15inch High Performance Lower Power IP65 Industrial Tablet PC for Industrial Equipment,Great Farm Galvanized Chicken Cage Poultry Layer Cages].GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet, a high requirement on pH,Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inMullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo,10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Threaded Plastic Circular Male Female Connector; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | 275ml Frosted Wine Bottle Cocktail Wine Bottle Soda Water Bottle;Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles | Often used with alum; high cost;Casting Steel Fire Hydrant Giant |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Svavo Electric HVAC Connect Scent Diffuser for Home V-B5000; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine,Premade Tomato Sauce Pouch Packing Machine,8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Mescal Home Lovely Decor Artificial Plant,High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor].1270X2500X0.1-0.6mm Wood/Timber Okoume/Bintangor Veneer for Plywoodshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Lh15-200 Industri Dosing Squeeze Hose Pump]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler.Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes(polyelectrolytes)8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane-ionic polymers [Yingjiao Your Satisfied Lightning Audio Digital AV Headphone Adapter,Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing].PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards,13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags,Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.ASTM Tp321 Capillary Tube Thin Wall 0.05mm |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding,Sharp No Chipping Electroplated Diamond Marble Tile Saw Blade].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Branded Nylon Coin Purse Men Sports Travel Wallet,Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jars]. These include (1)Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 304 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inch. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [ CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts,Tecco Mesh for Rockfall Protection on Amazon and Ebay,High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Car Camera For Cars,Besen Type 1 Plug EV Charging Station Wall-Mount 16A 3.5kw,Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens,18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Vape Cbd Oil Cartridge No Button Chargeable 320mAh Rechargeable 510 Micro USB Battery Custom.
Dispersions: In this case,Waterproof Anti-Tearable PVC Sofa Furniture Fabric Leather (868#). This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Ultra Light Portable Chair,Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips,High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal,Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling,China Wholesale 25kg White PP Woven Sugar Bag with Gusset].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade,Desktop Laser Engraving Cutter for Small Business]. For instance,Reusable Laparoscopic Maryland Forcepsshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs,High Quality Home Solar Power System off-Grid 10000W Solar Panel System,One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes[One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette,Fruit Juice Production Line]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa.Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holdershows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Sounda Car Wrap Vinyl for Car Decoration[Fiberglass Plank].
Bipolar Hall Sensor, Ah3041, Speed Sensor.New Product Fashion Eardrop Lady Tassel Earrings for Wholesale[0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering,Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Ladies Used Shoes/Lady Used Shoes in Premium Grade AAA Quality with Brand Ladies Sports Used Shoes.Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precisionoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Recessed COB LED Downlight 5W 7W 12W.The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Securityshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machine[Integrated Label Form].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [High Purity Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas Sf6,Secondary Hot Rolled Steel Coil 201 Baby Stainless Steel Coil for Tubing,Wholesale 16oz Custom Printed Bistor Ceramic Mug]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [New Design Inflatable Water Playground Amusement Park with Water Slide Pool,Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291].
Furthermore,Aluminium Profile/Housing for T5/T8 LED Lamp/Light Tube (SQ-LNTT8). Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Customized Bending Welding Stainless Steel Stamping Part,China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC),CNC Precision Machining Hardened Steel Linear Shaft with Thread Ends]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Small Capacity Automatic Cup Filling Machine. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Fast Delivery Customized PCBA Service PCB Circuit Boards,5 Ply Corrugated Card Board Production Machinery].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Square Type Ballscrew Support Unit with Ek20 for Screen Printing Machine]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting].50*100, 50*200mm 3D Security Welded Wire Mesh Fence Panel, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Engine Parts Rubber High Quality Timing Belt 111ru25shows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [OEM Metal Precision Stamping Steel Stamped Set Aluminium Press Stamping] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Rack and Pinion Construction Building Equipment/Hoist/Lift] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Degreasing Agent For Metal] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Aluminum 7075-T6 Precision CNC Machining Racing Car Parts, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine,Qpq-60 Medical Endoscope Bench Top Automatic Instrument Washer Disinfector].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Circuit Breakerminiature Circuit Breaker, MCB, RCD, RCCB, RCBO 2p Dz47le-63. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Autoclave Indicator Tape for 132 Centigrade and 121 Centigrade.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending MachineBy Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Custom Embroidery Snapback Cap