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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Neoprene Elbow Support@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Butt Welding Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Elbow]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Wedge Pump for Women],Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal, Various Colors, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Small Home Plastic Injection Molding Machine Overmolding Machine,Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel].Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
2.2.Colorful Rubber Ball for Screen Cleaning
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Professional Brass Tube Bending/Stamping/Punching Lightsaber Spare Parts for Caster Wheel(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [120ml Clear Boston Glass Bottle,Flat Glass Flask Bottle Cold Juice Drinking Bottle], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Protective Roof Rubber Blocks,Deep Recessed Movable Recessed Downlight Fixture[110*110cm Pine Frame Cotton Fabric Kid Bed Play Tent for Baby Sleep Alone]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod,Professional Custom Kraft Paper Gift Box Drawer Jewelry Pastry Box) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inDental Clinic Gift Kids Present Cartoon Train Toothbrush–Magnet VSD Screw Air Compressorpermanent Magnet Screw Air Compressorhigh Quality Atlas Copco Electric Screw Air Compressor LG Compressor Atlas Copco VSD(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Professional Wood Log Bark Peeling Machine,Pcb Board Corner Beveling Machine]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Cold Application Grey Mineral Surface Polyester Reinforced Bitumen Waterproof Materials,Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag].700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottle.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [HPMC 200000s Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose for Liquid Detergent or Soaps,Precision Automotive Plastic Auto Part Injection Molding Mold Mould].Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower, a high requirement on pH,Safety Work Protection Leather Footwear with Steel Toe. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inCapsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [High Efficient Lint Remover Sticky Roller, 00cr20ni25mo4.5cu]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
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Dispersions: In this case,Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Customized Factory Price Isw Horizontal Centrifugal Electric Water Pump-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.High Quality Restaurant Booth Seating From Factory Sale, Booth Seating for Restaurant(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg[Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers,Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,3W/5W High Quality UV Laser Marking Machine PCB Printing. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Good Smooth 9mm Birch Plywood for Internal Wall Cladding.a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machineshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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4.2.2 Cationic polymers
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [ SMD LED Soldering Machine]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover,FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray,Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Long Sleeve Lace Beaded Muslim Bridal Gown Wedding Dress.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [110t High Precision C-Frame Pneumatic Steel Sheet Power Press for Sheet Metal Plate,Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store].Luxury Art Paper Food Grade French Fries Chips Popcorn Packing Paper Box, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Black Hoodieshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Portable Shelter Toilet Shower Beach Camping Tent, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Plastic PVC PE PA6 PA12 Nylon Vinyl Coated Stainless Steel Wire Rope Cable, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products,Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46)].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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