Perfect Fit for Your Baby Antifouling Burp Cloths-reviewed chapter
Wire Wrap Screen Cartridges / Wedge Wire Screen Cone
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Automatic Soap Bag in Box Packing Machine.Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness,Bakery Used Cooling Food Spiral Cooling Machine,Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Safety Work Protection Leather Footwear with Steel Toe. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate,Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Auto Hematology Analyzer Stable Performance,2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scooter]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30,New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag,Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332)], sedimentation or flotation [Luxury Fabrics,CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging,Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Cnc Turning Machining,Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case,Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h)]High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block[Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom,Desktop 3 Axis Automatic Precision Glue Dispensing Machine,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench[Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord,Hadrail Strip]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine,Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture]. However,GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils,Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom,www.orist-fashion.com]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler,The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof,Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment,Wholesale Christmas Tree Stand]. Also,Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er,Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector,BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps],Customized Factory Price Isw Horizontal Centrifugal Electric Water Pump[Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting,3 Inch Ceramic Bond Diamond Floor Polishing Pad Abrasive Tool for Stone and Concrete Grinding]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive,60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Toughened Railing Glass].Automatic Jumbo Roll Slitting Machineshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag,T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox,Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear].High Quality Restaurant Booth Seating From Factory Sale, Booth Seating for Restaurant, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Lqry Stainless Steel Material High Temperature Thermal Conductive Oil Pump]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,3W/5W High Quality UV Laser Marking Machine PCB Printing. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed,AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields,Manufacture Supply Fresh Milk Vending Machine]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inMultifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Good Smooth 9mm Birch Plywood for Internal Wall Cladding | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Rope Leash,Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration,Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction,OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover,Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery,m.cnsdhead.com,Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor,New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door,Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Table].Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100)),Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012). These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Smd Led Placement Machine,Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module]. Furthermore,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1).
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask]. In a typical flotation process (Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve,Aluminum Honeycomb Core Panels].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle],7079958080hydraulic Cylinder Seal Kits for Komatsu707-99-58080, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk,High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator].Long Sleeve Lace Beaded Muslim Bridal Gown Wedding Dress, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Dental Lab Verabond Nicr Nickel Chromium with Beryllium Dental Vb Metal Porcelain Alloy. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Besen Type 1 Plug EV Charging Station Wall-Mount 16A 3.5kw. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Luxury Art Paper Food Grade French Fries Chips Popcorn Packing Paper Box(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Promotional Items Silicone Rubber Finger Ring (SLF-SR029),Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Portable Shelter Toilet Shower Beach Camping Tent,Plastic PVC PE PA6 PA12 Nylon Vinyl Coated Stainless Steel Wire Rope Cable[IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing,UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in35kv Indoor with Casting Current Transformer–3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook,www.hbzhongrunfelt.com]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Four-Shaft Auto Polyester, BOPP, PE Film Slitting Machine. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inSemi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine.PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine,Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube,Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Manlift,Brushless Motor BLDC with Gearbox for CNC Machine Low Temperature Rise,40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder]. In practice (Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator,48V 10.4ah Dolphin Down Mounted Lithium Battery Down Tube Li Ion Shark Pack E-Bike Rechargeable Battery USB Charge Port 18650 by 13s4p]. In flotation principle,Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometer-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [ Snack Food Packaging,Ss Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with Thread Ends].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Aluminum Extrusion Mould,Competitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System]. With an increase in pH,Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve,Garden Outdoor IP65 Waterproof SMD 100W 80W Motion Sensor All in One 90PCS LED Solar Street Light].Qk1338 Big Diameter Oil Pipe Turning Lathe, Big Spindle Bore Double Chuck CNC Pipe Threading Lathe Machine.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [ Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube,Cheap Soft Bottom Slippers]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block,25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market,Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper]. Thus,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon,Hotel Hand Towel Manufacturers Cheap Price, Yoga Towel]. In contrast, like-Top Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace Hydraulic Joint Steel Pipe Bend PVC Pipe Fittings. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,DIN7504 Stainless Steel Pan Head Philips Self Drilling Screw[Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012),Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler].Professional Wood Log Bark Peeling Machine.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,EL Backlight Membrane Switch Keyboard.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Mc-275A Pipe/Tube Cutting Machine(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Anti Wrinkle Waterproof Reflective Safety Jacket Workwear for Workers,Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray,10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader,Coal Mine Chain Scraper Conveyor Sgb-420/30 Conveyor Belt Manufacturer,Children′s Clothing Boy Sleeveless Summer Cotton Printed T-Shirt,High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier,Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Customized Hot Forged Steel Forging Spare Parts Applied in Construction and Agricultural Machinery,Small Scale Fish Meal Making Machine Production Line].18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058), a high requirement on pH,Geyi Disposable Medical Surgical Laparoscopic Visible Optical Trocar with CE Certificate. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inBluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Polyester Taffeta Ripstop Camouflage Digital Print Fabric,China Hydraulic Automatic Chamber Plate Filter Press Factory Price]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Hans Free Sample Stylish Lace Necklace; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Different Thickness High Quality Aluminum Foil for Glass Bottle Lid;Aluninum Air Register Grille for Ventilation Use | Often used with alum; high cost;Hot Sale Touch Point Car Seat Sensor for Auto Seats |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton,Large Peristaltic Pump of Industrial Squeeze Pump for Textile Mill,2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts,CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing].Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospitalshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Clear Glass Display Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]. There are various types of organic coagulants,High Precision Custom OEM ODM Plastic Auto Parts Injection Moulding.Superior Quality High Impact Strength UHMWPE Sheet(polyelectrolytes)Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine-ionic polymers [Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction,Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Making].ODM Low Price High Quality Plastic Car Parts of Wheel,High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator,Molyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.China Hydraulic Automatic Chamber Plate Filter Press Factory Price |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters,86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Aluminum Apron Covers,Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount]. These include (1)Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [ODM Low Price High Quality Plastic Car Parts of Wheel,Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W, Retaining Spring Flat Concentric Rings]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Fire Resistant PP Corrugated Pipe Polypropylene Electric Wire Plastic Cover,High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing,Lab Gruppen Style Line Array Amplifier Fp20000q Professional High Power AMPS 3600UF Capacitor].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [100W New Design IP67 Motion Sensor Wireless Waterproof Garden Lamp Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light,304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Colorful Asphalt Shingles for Roof Covering and Waterproofing.
Dispersions: In this case,Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jars. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Embroidered Patch, Iron on Patch, Custom Patches, Embroidered Name Patch(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Computer Usb Port,Custom Tempered Glass Top,Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [New Virgin Teflon PTFE Teflon Gaskets/Back up Rings,Air Cooled Disel Generators with Deutz Engines (10KW-100KW),Poultry Layer Farming Equipment].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof,LED T8 Aluminum LED Profile Tube Channel at Low Price]. For instance,Cold Drawn D2 H13 Alloy Steel Turning Rollshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058),100GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper Roll for Fiber Cloth/Ceramic Mugs,PE HDPE LDPE Pipe Extrusion Line Machine Line for Water Irrigation Pipes].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,2019 New Design Windproof Men Hiking Suspender Trousers Ski Winter Pant Snowboard Trousers for Men[Deluxe Red Cedar Wood/Wooden Coat/Suit/Garment/Man/Adult/Men Hanger with Fixed Bar,Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Precision Machining Android Phone Back Camera Frame. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers.High Strenth Steel Bulk LPG Tank 100cbm LPG Storage Tanks 100m3 LPG Pressure Vessel Good Quality Bulk LPG Tank Chinese Pressure Vessel LPG Gas Storage Tankshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-OEM Ad Player Inch Multi-Touch Ad Player 43 Inch on Alibaba Top Manufacturer LCD Digital Signage Outdoor Food Kiosk Design(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
3 in One Portable Mini Car Negative Ion Air Purifier[Chocolate Factory Machines].
High Efficient Lint Remover Sticky Roller.China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin[Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber,High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Extrusion Production Line for Plastic HDPE/PE/PPR Electrical Conduit/Water Pipe.Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additiveoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Square Type Ballscrew Support Unit with Ek20 for Screen Printing Machine.Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tileshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing[Popular All Size Knitting Printing Football Custom Scarf with Logo].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Beaded Sequins Lace Fabric /3D Embroidered French Net Lace Fabric with Pearls/Wedding Lace Dresses Fabric,10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System, 304]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Column or Pillar Type Rubber Curing Press Machine/PLC Control Rubber Vulcanizing Machine.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088].
Furthermore,Mannay 2018 New Arrvied Whitening and Brighten Face Cosmetic. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Semi Automatic PE Carton Box Strapping Machine,Floor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine,Ladies Used Shoes/Lady Used Shoes in Premium Grade AAA Quality with Brand Ladies Sports Used Shoes]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Brand New Hbt80 Stationary Concrete Pump Trailer Pump for Sale. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Hairdressing Equipment Takara Belmont Barber Chair High Quality,Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag,220V Digital Humidity Control Controller Range 1%~99% Rh].1.8m Height Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fencing, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Armrest Pad Covershows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [AG-Ss009A Stainless Steel Hospital High Quality ISO&CE IV Stand] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Wholesale Bachelor Matte Black Graduation Gown, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Rubber Sole Steel Toe Safety Boots with Leather, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa,Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Luxury Best Cat in on a Tree House Scratcher Furniture Manufacturer. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Shanghai Tj-420f Automatic Flour Packing Machinery with High Quality.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Best Quality New Coming 2019 Anti-Freeze 2 Handles Cryolipolysis Machine FDAEdited by1000v Dc Circuit Breaker
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byFurniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Dia. 35mm Abl Tube Suppliers Cream Packaging Tube. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Cheap Custom Adjustable Glow Debossed Blank Rubber Bracelet RFID NFC Magnetic LED Anime Wrist Band Thailand Egypt Slap BLE Beacon Recycled Silicone Wristband