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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t],St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube,HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA].Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO)(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Military Travel Luggage,Fixed Carbon Content 85% Anthracite Filter Media for Water Treatment], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe[Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding,Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inSelf Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Zinc Plated 14# 1 Building Material DIN7504K SDS Roofing Screws–Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring with Black Helix,Black Nylon School Handbags Bag Travel Bag Laptop Backpack (FRT4-09)]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [2.4 Inch Lcd Manufacturers Cheap Price,2-Color Handle Adjustable Spanner]. With an increase in pH,Oil Gas Line Pipe, API 5L Spec 5L Steel Pipe, Grade B or X42 12m Steel Tube. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [ Hollow Section,Smash-Proof Puncture-Proof Safety Shoes Labor Shoes Safety Footwear].Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return.
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
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Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals.
Dispersions: In this case,Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Ce Certification New Multifunction 4 in 1 Mini Hydraulic Torque Converter Bucket Backhoe Loader Small Tractor Backhoe 3ton 4ton 5ton 6ton 7ton 8ton(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
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Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Ndfeb N52 Neodymium Magnet,Sleeveless OEM Cotton Breathable Boys Printed T Shirt].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Excellent Fire Resistance Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle for Residential Roofs]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Rosen 4kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank,Lacquered Embossed Aluminum Foil for HVAC Systems].Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Industrial Grade Nitrous Oxide for Hot Salesshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector,36V/48V 10ah Lithium Battery 250W/500W Fat Tyre Folding Portable].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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