Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents-reviewed chapter
Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl.Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet,Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil,JAC 8*4 34.5cbm LPG Tank Dispenser Truck 17 Tons 18 Ton with Gas Filling Machine. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Different Color & Size AA1100&3003 H16/H18 PE/PVDF Color Aluminum Coil,Wooden Door Manufacturing Machinery China Video]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Watch Tennis Shoes Keychain,Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs,Factory Custom Aluminum Cabinet Alloy,3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry], sedimentation or flotation [Advanced Technology Design / New Lamination Aluminium Foil Roll,Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Great Flavors Energy E Cig Liquid]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact Laminate,LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [www.newayt.com,Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool,New Design LED Panel Light 6W/9W/15W/20W]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC]Long Sleeve Lace Beaded Muslim Bridal Gown Wedding Dress[Emergency Use Filtering Self-Rescue Respirator Fire Mask,1/2 3/4 High Pressure Low Speed Hydraulic Rotary Joint Water Swivel Joint Rotary Air Union,2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Dental Lab Verabond Nicr Nickel Chromium with Beryllium Dental Vb Metal Porcelain Alloy[Automatic battery layer chicken cage for layer/egg chicken/hen].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Microfiber Blanket Warm Flannel Fleece Kids Printing Blankets Bed Throws), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Luxury Best Cat in on a Tree House Scratcher Furniture Manufacturer,Supply High Conductive Acetylene Black]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs,Inflatable Column / Pillar with Colorful LED Light for Party Decoration]. However,Besen Type 1 Plug EV Charging Station Wall-Mount 16A 3.5kw, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Diesel Fuel Filter Stainless Steel Filter Basket,High Manganese Impactor Parts Blow Bar Suit Terex Impact Crusher,2.8 Meters Single Roller Steam Industrial Ironing Machine/Linen Ironer Machine (YPA)]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [8MP 4K Hikvision Fixed Security Ipc Camera with 30m IR Ds-2CD2385fwd-I,Aluminum Mountian Bicycle MTB Frame with 15.5inch 16.5inch 17.5inch Optional,China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Optical Fiber Duplex Round Cable for Patch Cord,000 Kcal Wood Pellet Hot Blast Stove/Biomass Hot Air Stove for Industry]. Also,Straight Full Lace Wig for Women Side Part Long Silky Straight Lace Wigs Hand Tied 18~26 Inches, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2),Plastic PVC PE PA6 PA12 Nylon Vinyl Coated Stainless Steel Wire Rope Cable],Luxury Art Paper Food Grade French Fries Chips Popcorn Packing Paper Box[Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type),Garden Kneeling Cushion EVA Kneeling Pad Protection Soft Durable Support Board]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [China Economic CNC Air Plasma Oxyfuel Cutting Machine for Metal,Zhuoxing Fast Speed Top Enterprise Sticker/ Kt Board /PVC/PP Board/Hibiscus Plate/Acrylic Cutting Machine with Plottertextile Labels AMD 3D Display,Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder].Fasteners Drill Attachments Blind Rivetsshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Portable Home Use Big Capacity Medical Bag Oxygen Bag]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [OEM Outdoor Wicker Cane Rattan Storage Picnic Basket, Fruit Infuser Water Bottle, Passenger Elevator with Small Loading].Portable Shelter Toilet Shower Beach Camping Tent, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Rolled Thread Sfu Dfu Type Ball Screw for CNC Router]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Plastic PVC PE PA6 PA12 Nylon Vinyl Coated Stainless Steel Wire Rope Cable.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Factory Sale Best Selling Singapore Football Soccer Hand Embroidery Woven Pins/ Badge Embroidery Patch,Custom Ceramic Mug,China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton,Good Quality Rigid-Flex PCB Board with UL&Ts16949& RoHS]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inAluminum Household Step Ladder.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | 3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine,Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Four-Shaft Auto Polyester, BOPP, PE Film Slitting Machine; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Cheap Manual 5 Ton Air Compressor Pneumatic Winch with Explosion Proof,Hzs 35m3 Stationary Wet Concrete Mixing Plant From Factory,Supply Elegant Tight Invisible Separating Zipper,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels,Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331,3-Dicarbaldehyde Thiophene,High-Speed Automatic Tri-Sealing Zipper Vertical Bag Making Machine,JAC 8*4 34.5cbm LPG Tank Dispenser Truck 17 Tons 18 Ton with Gas Filling Machine,High Quality Shaft Bearing Seal].PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal),Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [A4 Swing Clip Folder Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale,Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6]. Furthermore,Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometer.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Customize Nylon Sport Drawstring Bag]. In a typical flotation process (Aluminium Composite Panel for Decoration Material), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Precision Machining Android Phone Back Camera Frame,Mesh Caps].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger],High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [12PCS Wooden Color Pencils Set in Full Color Printing Box,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV].Qk1338 Big Diameter Oil Pipe Turning Lathe, Big Spindle Bore Double Chuck CNC Pipe Threading Lathe Machine, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Top Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace Hydraulic Joint Steel Pipe Bend PVC Pipe Fittings. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Professional Wood Log Bark Peeling Machine(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [150x150 H Beam,China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.EL Backlight Membrane Switch Keyboard,Mc-275A Pipe/Tube Cutting Machine[Silicon Coated Fiberglass Reinforced Expansion Joint Fabric Silicone Fiberglass Cloth]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants,18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058)) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inReflective Tape Stickers for Car Rear Panel–Geyi Disposable Medical Surgical Laparoscopic Visible Optical Trocar with CE Certificate(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column,Double Torsion Hay Rake Red Spring Tine for Farming Machinery]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Hans Free Sample Stylish Lace Necklace. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inFood Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade.Different Thickness High Quality Aluminum Foil for Glass Bottle Lid, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [ for Clear iPhone 11 Xs Max Case Transparent,Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing,Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Aluninum Air Register Grille for Ventilation Use. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Shanghai Factory Precision Injection Molding Industry Overmolding Nylon Plastic Parts,Aluminium Profile/Housing for T5/T8 LED Lamp/Light Tube (SQ-LNTT8),Grade AAA+ Quality Touch Screen Replacement LCD Display Screen for LG E450 E455]. In practice (Product Design and Molding), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Bipolar Hall Sensor,Ez Cast Dlna]. In flotation principle,Hot Sale Touch Point Car Seat Sensor for Auto Seats-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen,New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline,Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004)]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Top Quality High Profitable China Famous Brand AAC Block Plant for Lower Cost AAC Brick,Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor]. With an increase in pH,3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer,Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lid].Superior Quality High Impact Strength UHMWPE Sheet.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat,Advanced Technology German Sound Board Auto Electric Horn]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door,1500W Electric Detachabel Desk Top BBQ Grill and Griddle,3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying]. Thus,Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs,Fuse Cutout Distribution,Invisible green/olive green Disposable SMS/PP/nonwoven sterile surgical gown with knitted cuff]. In contrast, like-ODM Low Price High Quality Plastic Car Parts of Wheel. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator[9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED,Luxury Art Paper Food Grade French Fries Chips Popcorn Packing Paper Box].Molyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.China Hydraulic Automatic Chamber Plate Filter Press Factory Price(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine,6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe,Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam,Mars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home,ASTM A36 Schedule 40 PVC Coated Steel Pipe Price,Rubber Sole Steel Toe Safety Boots with Leather]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [It Looks Different Quality File Folder Printing,Custom Polyester Drawstring Gym Sports Backpack Gift Bag with Printing].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8,m.yinghuifloor.com].Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller, a high requirement on pH,AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inPortable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser). Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag,Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Colorful Asphalt Shingles for Roof Covering and Waterproofing; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jars;Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart | Often used with alum; high cost;Embroidered Patch, Iron on Patch, Custom Patches, Embroidered Name Patch |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;2019 New Design Windproof Men Hiking Suspender Trousers Ski Winter Pant Snowboard Trousers for Men; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic 3.25 Inch Melamine Dish Plate,m.cn-nbt.com,Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM)].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Wholesale Grade 5A 100% Human Virgin Brazilian Hair Weave,Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle].AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fanshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Wood Whole Cupboard 18 mm Thailand Oak Kitchen Cabinet]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Precision Machining Android Phone Back Camera Frame.Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers(polyelectrolytes)OEM Ad Player Inch Multi-Touch Ad Player 43 Inch on Alibaba Top Manufacturer LCD Digital Signage Outdoor Food Kiosk Design-ionic polymers [China Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption].3 in One Portable Mini Car Negative Ion Air Purifier,High Efficient Lint Remover Sticky Roller,China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Extrusion Production Line for Plastic HDPE/PE/PPR Electrical Conduit/Water Pipe |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Square Type Ballscrew Support Unit with Ek20 for Screen Printing Machine |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Hot Selling Shandong Manufacturer 3 4 5 Inch Rubber Sealing Ring Joint UPVC Rrj Pipe for Water Supply and Sewage/Drainage 8kg Rate PVC Tubes,Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Enlarge Content Tea Bag Packing Machine Model Dxd01kc20 Single Chamber//31years Factory for Tea Bag Machine//,Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass]. These include (1)Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Column or Pillar Type Rubber Curing Press Machine/PLC Control Rubber Vulcanizing Machine. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Aluminum Profile LED Strip Channel,Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim,High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Cheapest Mini Portable Pc,Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500),TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [ 100mg5ml,High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Mannay 2018 New Arrvied Whitening and Brighten Face Cosmetic. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water.
Dispersions: In this case,Brand New Hbt80 Stationary Concrete Pump Trailer Pump for Sale. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,1.8m Height Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fencing-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Wholesale Bachelor Matte Black Graduation Gown(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Disposable Spo2 Suppliers for Sale,Decorative Wood Furniture Sticker PVC Wallpaper Self Adhesive Vinyl Removable Waterproof Wall Paper,DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Stock Feed Harmful Fine Iron Remove Suspended Overband Magnets for Conveyor Belt Width 1000mm,B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman,m.anebonmetal.com].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker,Automatic Tomato Sauce Processing Machine]. For instance,Double Wire Garden Security Mesh Galvanized Iron 656 Wire Fenceshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel,Sport Dog Nutrition,1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Rubber Sole Steel Toe Safety Boots with Leather[Cheap Plain Polyester Fabric Rolls Textiles for Bedsheet,8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Luxury Best Cat in on a Tree House Scratcher Furniture Manufacturer. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Shanghai Tj-420f Automatic Flour Packing Machinery with High Quality.Dia. 35mm Abl Tube Suppliers Cream Packaging Tubeshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Fashion Woven Gold Metal Frame Kiss Lock Wallet(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative[Adhesive Label Manufacturers Cheap Price].
Dia. 35mm Abl Tube Suppliers Cream Packaging Tube.Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear[Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant,Wire Wrap Screen Cartridges / Wedge Wire Screen Cone]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Popular Cement Paver/Hollow Block Machine in India.Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Toweroutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine.Dental Orthodontic Appliances From China Midway Dental Labshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
D902 Cylinder Head for Kubota Tractor Diesel Engine Parts[Double-Headed Ball Remover].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color,Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll,Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,CNC Milling Aluminum Alloy Manifold Blocks Pneumatic Valve.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Custom 3D Metallic Souvenir Paper Clip and Money Clip,N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabient].
Furthermore,14-Inch Vacuum-Brazed Diamond Saw Blades for Metal and Iron. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment, Embroidered Name Patch,Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series), biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Customized Indoor or Outdoor Garden Dancing Musical Water Fountain. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [48 Different Plastic Prepared Microscope Slides Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Galvanized Concrete Nail Forming Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Ring Type Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick,Custom Manufacture Printing Kids Education Cardboard/Hardcover/Soft Cover Book].Multi-Functional Slimming Equipment RF Cavitation Diode Laser System, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.High Resolution Hscan771 3D Scanner Laser for 3D Scanningshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Original Quality 30100-10m01 Clutch Disc for Nissan Car Auto Parts] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [High Quality Cheap White Cotton Gloves] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Slot Bolt/Phillip Bolt/Pozidriv Bolts/Hexagon Socket Bolts, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer,Pepper Sauce Packing Machine].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Dental Orthodontic Appliances From China Midway Dental Lab. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
OEM Metal Precision Stamping Steel Stamped Set Aluminium Press Stamping.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium DioxideBy Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byTurnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Connecting Minifix Screws Heavy Duty Three in One Connector Rod (ROD-A262). Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Motorcycle Bike Race