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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal].Zircon Beadshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop,Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube,72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine].Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [FC Seris Rectangular Insustrial Exhaust Fan]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Hot Sales Popular Carton Custom Softcover Book&Printing Service.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine],Pepper Sauce Packing Machine, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery].Stainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205), whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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2.2.Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555
Polymer molecular weight (MW)China Economic CNC Air Plasma Oxyfuel Cutting Machine for Metal(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Indoor Sports Tile Supplier & Factory,Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Z-Type Aluminum Solar Panel Roof Mounting Bracket,Hot Sale Multifunctional Essential Oil Distiller[Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Multiple Style Jewelry Packaging Box/Ring Box Custom Logo Jewelry Box,Factory Spring Wire with Competitive Price and Excellent Quality) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHeat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board–High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable,High Quality Molybdenum Barrel]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage].Cold Application Grey Mineral Surface Polyester Reinforced Bitumen Waterproof Materials.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Emergency Use Filtering Self-Rescue Respirator Fire Mask.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags,Wood Gift Box].B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman, a high requirement on pH,Precast Concrete Batching Plant with Planetary Mpc Mixer. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inFancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.
Dispersions: In this case,Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Smash-Proof Puncture-Proof Safety Shoes Labor Shoes Safety Footwear-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Concrete Batching Plant For Sale,STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate,Oil Gas Line Pipe]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge,High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person,6kw Fiber Laser Cutting Machine].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers[En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat,Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting.Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1shows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Cepelinai Machine,Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05)].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09)]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine,Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace].Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Stainless Steel Coil 409shows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags,Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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