Microfiber Blanket Warm Flannel Fleece Kids Printing Blankets Bed Throws-reviewed chapter
Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T)
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive.Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine,Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Enhanced Condensation Tube, Suitable for Central Air-Conditioner Centrifuge, Water Colled Screw Chilled Water Units, T2/Tp2. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve,Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Overshot Grapple Catch Range, Rice]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China),Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service], sedimentation or flotation [Enamel Pin Maker,Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [American Car Shock Absorber,Good Price Automatic Liquid Sachet Juice Milk Drinking Water Pouch Filling Packing Packaging Machine,3 in One Portable Mini Car Negative Ion Air Purifier]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier]Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction[Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear,Two Wheel Street Skateboard Factory X8 Roller Skatecycle Freerider Cycle Skate,Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit[High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Different Thickness High Quality Aluminum Foil for Glass Bottle Lid), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Custom-Made Gas Spring Strut with Iron Head,New Design Suspended Ceiling Galvanized Light Gauge Steel Metal Furring Channel]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger,Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room]. However,Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type), food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine,10 Pattern Spray Nozzle]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan,Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W,Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal,Ceramic Tile Trim Corner Edge]. Also,Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500), for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine,Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels],Portable Power Generator Solar Panel Kit for Home Use[Galvanized Steel Bar Grating for ISO9001 Factory,Kids Bicycle For 12 Years Old Boy]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Magnetic Front-Service P2.5/P3 Indoor LED Display,160lm/W Die-Casting Aluminum UFO 200W LED High Bay Light Fixtures,98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifier].Melamine Formaldehyde Resinshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory,Gi Binding Wire Galvanized Gi Iron Wire with Free Sample,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes].Aluminum Impeller Fan for Road Tunnel, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [a Waste-Burning Stove in a Textile Factory]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Professional Brass Tube Bending/Stamping/Punching Lightsaber Spare Parts for Caster Wheel,Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Molyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System,Titanium Dioxide Manufacturers In Germany]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown in2.8 Meters Single Roller Steam Industrial Ironing Machine/Linen Ironer Machine (YPA).
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [4*2 Dongfeng Refrigerator Truck,Auto Power off Motor Rotary Sifter Machinery Vibrating Sieve]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Heavy Duty Galvanized Floor Trench Cover Steel Grating,Ms Gi Pipe Dn15~Dn400 Gi Pipe List,2mm-6mm Thickness Tape Against High Temperature Facing,Recessed COB LED Downlight 5W 7W 12W,Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste,Galvanized Iron Sheet Roof Tile,DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan,Ce Certification New Multifunction 4 in 1 Mini Hydraulic Torque Converter Bucket Backhoe Loader Small Tractor Backhoe 3ton 4ton 5ton 6ton 7ton 8ton,Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chair].Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G), whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (High Speed Passenger Elevator),6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,Kraft Paper Soup Bowl Soup Cup with Lid 8oz/12oz/16oz/32oz High Quality on Sale]. Furthermore,Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables]. In a typical flotation process (Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Finishing Aluminium Alloy Profile, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324). To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable,Batterie Electronique Vente].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Best Soft Airplane Quilt Supplier for Airline]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts],Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Portable 3600 mAh Slim Power Bank Battery Case for iPhone 6/7/8,Refractory Glass Wool Thermal Insulation Fibre Glass Wool].China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Ductile Cast Iron Pipe Fitting,Fd4.0 Ton Forklift Truck with Chinese Engine and Side Shifter], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b,Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat[Mini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry,Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact Laminate) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inBig Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler–HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym,Vacuum Emulsifying Mixer Daily Chimical Care Products]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way.Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Column or Pillar Type Rubber Curing Press Machine/PLC Control Rubber Vulcanizing Machine,Small Economic CNC Vertical Machining Center/CNC Milling Machine Tc-960/V9,Purple Color Fire Pit Glass Recycled Crushed Glass Mirror Cullet]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags,Manufacturer Hot Sale Tube Making Stainless Steel Pipe Mill,Shanghai Tj-420f Automatic Flour Packing Machinery with High Quality]. In practice (Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [5052 / 6061 /7075 / 5083 Custom Parts /Machining Aluminum Parts Automation Industry,Hex Head Self Drilling Tail Screw]. In flotation principle,High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [ 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire,Metal Floor Decking Cold Roll Forming Machine].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid,Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [No Irritating Breathable Flame Retardant Fr Fireproof Fabric for Chemical/Workwear/Uniform/Suits,High Precision Custom OEM ODM Plastic Auto Parts Injection Moulding]. With an increase in pH,Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [High Quality Factory Wholesale Industrial Portable 9000 Lbs Hydraulic Winch Manufacturers,Custom Design High Quality Fancy Colorful Mens Dress Socks].Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Interactive Writing Board for Teaching Equipment with Free Driver (IWB4700),www.ahnoyark.com]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [RF EMS Mesogun Injector Mesotherapie Gun Injection Machine Rejuvenation Wrinkle,Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16),Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler]. Thus,10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [2 Sides Embossed Sheet Melamine Chipboard for Furniture,Custom Design Silicone Wristband for Promotion,High Quality Gas Spring Strut Gas Shock for Wall Bed]. In contrast, like-Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products[Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids,Cotton/Polyester 7 Gauge Safety String Knitted Work Glove with PVC Dotted on Both Side].High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Fashion Retail Store Fixtures Design Makeup Store Display Interior Design]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Facial Lifting Roller,PVC+PMMA/ ASA Coloured Glazed Roof Ridge Tile Plastic Production Line,Lenton Type Bar Lock Couplers with Bolt]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [China Supplier PVC Pressure Pipe Fitting Rubber Ring Joint Pn10,Bioplasm Nls Bioresonance Body Scaning and Analysis Physical Therapy Equipment,High Quality Manufacturer Easy Installed PPGL/PPGI/Color-Coated Galvanized Steel Roof Sheets,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [6D Galvanic Facial Machine Eye Lifting Skin Care Beauty Equipment,4 Styles Blue Glass Crystal Butt Beads Spiral Plug].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [ Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement,Flower Shape Gold Ring Design].8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men, a high requirement on pH,Custom Tempered Glass Top, Silk-Screen Printing Glass Dining Table Top. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inSwiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross,OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable;160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold | Often used with alum; high cost;LDPE/PE Clear Transparent Ziplock Bags Plastic Zip Lock Packaging Bag for Power Flour, Snack Food Packaging |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet,aihdcam,Exhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Malleable Fittings Union, Mexico].Long Sleeve Lace Beaded Muslim Bridal Gown Wedding Dressshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Heat Steam Shrink Sleeve Labeling Machine / PVC Label Cheap Hot Steam Shrink Inflatable Tunnel]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device.Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s(polyelectrolytes)110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light-ionic polymers [2019 Latest Designs 120GSM Luxury Quality Bed in a Bag Comforter Set,Double Layers Sponge Face Mask with Valve].Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle,Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall,New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#).
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM) |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700),Aluninum Air Register Grille for Ventilation Use].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [High Temperature Fiber Glass Cloth for Thermal Insulation,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette]. These include (1)St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Preofessional Designed Solar Power Supply Solution Plan for Bts Station,Roll Paper to Sheet Paper Cutting Machine Paper Cutter Price,Well Polished Stainless Steel Pipe]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Autumn Girl Leisure Trench Coat Factory OEM/ODM Products,Small Tripod Table Lamp Furniture/Lighting/LED Lighting /Lamp/Decoration/ LED/Bulb/Tripod/Wooden Lamp,8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:12V Car Tail Light for Ranger. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System.
Dispersions: In this case,Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO)-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Gold Grinding Machine,Factory of Bq Nq Hq Pq Reaming Shell with 3%Discount,Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [ Graphitized Recarburizer,Travel Duffel Bag,2018 New Arrival Leggins].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Sheet Metal Processing Stainless Steel Galvanized Metal Parts Stamping Bending Production,Hotel Restaurant Polyester Jacquard Tablecloth]. For instance,Liaoning Shenyang Densen Customized Economic Silicon Carbide Resistance Induction Sintering Furnace Vhs 449shows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [High Purity Customized Ceramic Boron Nitride Bn Pbn Crucible/Parts/Boat/Substrate,Nut And Bolt Supplier & Factory,Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe[Reusable UHF RFID Cable Sealing Tag for Container/Logistic Tracking,Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children.Ice Block Making Machine for Making Ice (BD-A20)shows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
High Precision Alloy Aluminum Plate Guillotine Shearing Machine[Motor Rotor].
Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine[China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure,China Factory Direct Custom Ductile Iron Floor Drain Grate]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102.Lgd-4033 /Ligandrol 1165910-22-4 Sarms Powdersoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Oil Gas Line Pipe, API 5L Spec 5L Steel Pipe, Grade B or X42 12m Steel Tube.Stainless Steel Spring Snap Hooksshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox[Wholesale Custom Fashion Colorful Happy Cotton Mens Dress Socks].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Agricultural Mini Tiller Farm Wheel 62cc Cultivator,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set,Portable Power Generator Solar Panel Kit for Home Use]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [12mm Ball Screw,One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit].
Furthermore,Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm,Prepinted Steel Sheet for Building PPGL Tile,Autoclave Indicator Tape for 132 Centigrade and 121 Centigrade]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Load 1600kg Small Machine Room Bed Elevator,Professional CNC Machining Service Stainless Steel Square Flange].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Sam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying Oven]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Multiple Style Jewelry Packaging Box/Ring Box Custom Logo Jewelry Box,Glass Jar/Bottle/ Honey / Jam / Salad / Pickle / Canning Jar/ Mason Jar/ Food Storage Jar 50ml/100ml/150ml/200ml/250ml/380ml].Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Round Type Thermic-Welded Tight Bellow Covers Suitable for High Temperaturesshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Pet Chunky Glitter Powder for Arts and Crafts/Decoration /Cosmetic] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Black Conductive Plastic Clip Board] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Extrusion Production Line for Plastic HDPE/PE/PPR Electrical Conduit/Water Pipe] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Oregon 82-407 Cub Cadet Quill Mandrel Spindle Assembly for 918-04461 618-04456] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Hot Rolled/Cold Rolled ERW, Hollow Section, Square Pipe, En 10210/En10219, Carbon Steel Pipe, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Stainless Steel 304/316 Threaded NPT/Bsp Fittings Cross, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pump,6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Liaoning Shenyang Densen Customized Economic Silicon Carbide Resistance Induction Sintering Furnace Vhs 449. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Great Flavors Energy E Cig LiquidEdited byChina Esd Bag
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849