IntechOpen

Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G)

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

4 Styles Blue Glass Crystal Butt Beads Spiral Plug> Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement>Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass.3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet,Exhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Profile Purlin Section Steel,Malleable Fittings Union]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [ Mexico,Long Sleeve Lace Beaded Muslim Bridal Gown Wedding Dress,2019 Latest Designs 120GSM Luxury Quality Bed in a Bag Comforter Set], sedimentation or flotation [20X30cm Polyester Spain National Hand Flags (NF01F02028),Double Layers Sponge Face Mask with Valve] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Aluninum Air Register Grille for Ventilation Use,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Various Kinds of Sensor/Automotive Precision Electronic Terminal Stamping Parts,Preofessional Designed Solar Power Supply Solution Plan for Bts Station,Roll Paper to Sheet Paper Cutting Machine Paper Cutter Price]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Well Polished Stainless Steel Pipe]China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine[Small Tripod Table Lamp Furniture/Lighting/LED Lighting /Lamp/Decoration/ LED/Bulb/Tripod/Wooden Lamp,Containing Fabric Brighteners China Washing Powder Klin Detergent Powder,8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal[Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Factory of Bq Nq Hq Pq Reaming Shell with 3%Discount,Double Sides Vertical Magnet Neodymium Recovery Salvage with Eyebolt]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood, Graphitized Recarburizer]. However,Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Travel Duffel Bag,Sheet Metal Processing Stainless Steel Galvanized Metal Parts Stamping Bending Production,Anti Theft Credit Card Protector Aluminum RFID Blocking Wallet]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Hotel Restaurant Polyester Jacquard Tablecloth,Liaoning Shenyang Densen Customized Economic Silicon Carbide Resistance Induction Sintering Furnace Vhs 449,High Purity Customized Ceramic Boron Nitride Bn Pbn Crucible/Parts/Boat/Substrate]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder,Stainless Steel Eye Bolt DIN580 From China]. Also,The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Security, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Reusable UHF RFID Cable Sealing Tag for Container/Logistic Tracking,Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer,Ice Block Making Machine for Making Ice (BD-A20)],Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine[China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure,Brushless DC Motor]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [China Factory Direct Custom Ductile Iron Floor Drain Grate,Lgd-4033 /Ligandrol 1165910-22-4 Sarms Powders,Stainless Steel Spring Snap Hooks].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine].Rectangular Tube Fiberglassshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Agricultural Mini Tiller Farm Wheel 62cc Cultivator]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set,Portable Power Generator Solar Panel Kit for Home Use,One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit].Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [OEM Japan Yaskawa Servo Motor Foam CNC Router of Cutting Machine 3040]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm,Prepinted Steel Sheet for Building PPGL Tile,Autoclave Indicator Tape for 132 Centigrade and 121 Centigrade]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Professional CNC Machining Service Stainless Steel Square Flange,m.czmtev.com]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inSam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying Oven.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact LaminateSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureHDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Multiple Style Jewelry Packaging Box/Ring Box Custom Logo Jewelry Box].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Glass Jar/Bottle/ Honey / Jam / Salad / Pickle / Canning Jar/ Mason Jar/ Food Storage Jar 50ml/100ml/150ml/200ml/250ml/380ml,Pet Chunky Glitter Powder for Arts and Crafts/Decoration /Cosmetic]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Grey Color PVC Trunking Electrical Cable Trunking,Black Conductive Plastic Clip Board,FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer,Extrusion Production Line for Plastic HDPE/PE/PPR Electrical Conduit/Water Pipe,Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pump,Athletic Footwear Kids Sports Running Children Shoes (968),6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector,Superior Quality High Impact Strength UHMWPE Sheet,Different Color & Size AA1100&3003 H16/H18 PE/PVDF Color Aluminum Coil].Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Wooden Door Manufacturing Machinery China Video),Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Court X Ray Luggage Checking Scanner,Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print]. Furthermore,High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs]. In a typical flotation process (Factory Custom Aluminum Cabinet Alloy), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry,Interior Fireproof Rock Wool Wall Insulation Mineral Thermal Insulation Board].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Great Flavors Energy E Cig Liquid],Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact Laminate,LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement].Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products

Polymer molecular weight (MW)High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [API 6D Flanged Through Conduit Gate Valve Double Disc,Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point,Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable[New Design LED Panel Light 6W/9W/15W/20W]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine,8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC–Custom Tempered Glass Top, Silk-Screen Printing Glass Dining Table Top(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Emergency Use Filtering Self-Rescue Respirator Fire Mask,Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale.AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Automatic battery layer chicken cage for layer/egg chicken/hen,Microfiber Blanket Warm Flannel Fleece Kids Printing Blankets Bed Throws,Luxury Best Cat in on a Tree House Scratcher Furniture Manufacturer]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Security Stainless Steel Razor Wire Cbt-60 for Fence,Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs,Inflatable Column / Pillar with Colorful LED Light for Party Decoration]. In practice (Diesel Fuel Filter Stainless Steel Filter Basket), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [High Manganese Impactor Parts Blow Bar Suit Terex Impact Crusher,613 Blonde Straight 4 Bundles with Ear to Ear Lace Frontal Closure 13*4]. In flotation principle,LDPE/PE Clear Transparent Ziplock Bags Plastic Zip Lock Packaging Bag for Power Flour, Snack Food Packaging-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [8MP 4K Hikvision Fixed Security Ipc Camera with 30m IR Ds-2CD2385fwd-I,Aluminum Mountian Bicycle MTB Frame with 15.5inch 16.5inch 17.5inch Optional].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector,Optical Fiber Duplex Round Cable for Patch Cord]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [OEM Manufacture High Quality 36W AC DC Power Adapter for Notebook Computer,7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle]. With an increase in pH,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2),Plastic PVC PE PA6 PA12 Nylon Vinyl Coated Stainless Steel Wire Rope Cable].Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type),Factory Outlets 6v Lead Acid Battery Charger - 3 Stage Automatic 12V/24V 10A Solar Charge Controller - Ligao]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [China Economic CNC Air Plasma Oxyfuel Cutting Machine for Metal,Zhuoxing Fast Speed Top Enterprise Sticker/ Kt Board /PVC/PP Board/Hibiscus Plate/Acrylic Cutting Machine with Plottertextile Labels AMD 3D Display,Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter]. Thus,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder,www.fessiecookware.com,Portable Home Use Big Capacity Medical Bag Oxygen Bag]. In contrast, like-Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall[OEM Outdoor Wicker Cane Rattan Storage Picnic Basket, Fruit Infuser Water Bottle].New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#).

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [ Passenger Elevator with Small Loading]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM).

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Bicycle Suspension Fork Parts,Factory Sale Best Selling Singapore Football Soccer Hand Embroidery Woven Pins/ Badge Embroidery Patch,Custom Ceramic Mug]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine,Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton,Portable Wireless Bluetooth Speaker for Promotion,Aluminum Household Step Ladder]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children,China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing,Galvanized Chain Hoist Drop Forged Lifting Eye Hook with Latch].Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration, a high requirement on pH,12V Car Tail Light for Ranger. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inHzs 35m3 Stationary Wet Concrete Mixing Plant From Factory. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Supply Elegant Tight Invisible Separating Zipper,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine;UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO)Often used with alum; high cost;One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331,Wood Pellet Cooling Machine/Pellet Cooler,High-Speed Automatic Tri-Sealing Zipper Vertical Bag Making Machine].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [JAC 8*4 34.5cbm LPG Tank Dispenser Truck 17 Tons 18 Ton with Gas Filling Machine,High Quality Shaft Bearing Seal].Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminalshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Slurry Dewatering Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter]. There are various types of organic coagulants,High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding.Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children(polyelectrolytes)Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens-ionic polymers [Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6,Customize Nylon Sport Drawstring Bag].High Precision Alloy Aluminum Plate Guillotine Shearing Machine,Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Oil Gas Line Pipe, API 5L Spec 5L Steel Pipe, Grade B or X42 12m Steel Tube
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Aluminium Composite Panel for Decoration Material,Precision Machining Android Phone Back Camera Frame].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Factory Price For Rawhide Pet Bone Pressing Machine -,Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine]. These include (1)Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger,12PCS Wooden Color Pencils Set in Full Color Printing Box,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Chinese V Type Cone Flowmeter Used in Dirty Medium,China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings,Silicon Coated Fiberglass Reinforced Expansion Joint Fabric Silicone Fiberglass Cloth].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Reflective Tape Stickers for Car Rear Panel,Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Hot Rolled/Cold Rolled ERW, Hollow Section, Square Pipe, En 10210/En10219, Carbon Steel Pipe(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Pvc Marble Plastic Sheet,Food Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade, for Clear iPhone 11 Xs Max Case Transparent]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing,Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set,20W Solar Powered Roof Mount Air Exhaust Ventilation Fan (SN2013003)].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Aluminium Profile/Housing for T5/T8 LED Lamp/Light Tube (SQ-LNTT8),Grade AAA+ Quality Touch Screen Replacement LCD Display Screen for LG E450 E455]. For instance,Product Design and Moldingshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Bipolar Hall Sensor,Hydraulic Tube Bending Machine with Electric Hydraulic Pump,Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Stainless Steel 304/316 Threaded NPT/Bsp Fittings Cross[New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag,Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Liaoning Shenyang Densen Customized Economic Silicon Carbide Resistance Induction Sintering Furnace Vhs 449. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry.Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004)shows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing[Antistatic Dry Cabinet Suppliers for Sale].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass.Purple Color Fire Pit Glass Recycled Crushed Glass Mirror Cullet[Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor,Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device.Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lidoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Reusable UHF RFID Cable Sealing Tag for Container/Logistic Tracking.Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meatshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse[Corrugated And Drain Pipe Production Line Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [1500W Electric Detachabel Desk Top BBQ Grill and Griddle,3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying,Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Pneumatic Actuator Metal to Metal Seat Ball Valve,Invisible green/olive green Disposable SMS/PP/nonwoven sterile surgical gown with knitted cuff].

Furthermore,Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED,Luxury Art Paper Food Grade French Fries Chips Popcorn Packing Paper Box,Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,High Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Batch Fabrication, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [DMS 300 Holter ECG Cable 7 Lead Wires DIN 1.5,6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam,Mars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home].25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.535*535mm Cutted Small Size Melamine Chipboard for Furnitureshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Rubber Sole Steel Toe Safety Boots with Leather]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[It Looks Different Quality File Folder Printing]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Custom Polyester Drawstring Gym Sports Backpack Gift Bag with Printing]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Composite Floor Decking Sheet Roll Forming Machine]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,2010 Used Foton Truck Mixer, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Chinese Supplier Cheap Class 2 Hi Vis Shirts for Construction Site, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser),Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

Invisible green/olive green Disposable SMS/PP/nonwoven sterile surgical gown with knitted cuff.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterBus

Cite this chapterChina Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light

5052 / 6061 /7075 / 5083 Custom Parts /Machining Aluminum Parts Automation Industry(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

Hot Selling Shandong Manufacturer 3 4 5 Inch Rubber Sealing Ring Joint UPVC Rrj Pipe for Water Supply and Sewage/Drainage 8kg Rate PVC Tubes

Related Content

This Book

Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer

Organic Polymers

Edited byHigh Quality Car Seat Electric Recliner for RV Electric Seat

Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

Aluminum Profile LED Strip Channel

Polyester

Edited bySolid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim

High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

Concession Trailer