Inflatable Column / Pillar with Colorful LED Light for Party Decoration-reviewed chapter
Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit, Easy Light Cruiser 8inch
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve.Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch,25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports,Love Couple Bracelet Beaded Charm Bracelets]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Pure Water Processing Plant Recerse Osmosis Treatment System,High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [ T2/Tp2,Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer,Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole], sedimentation or flotation [Mirror Anodized Aluminum Sheet,Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light,PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line)]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Classical Outdoor 4 Player Children Wooden Croquet for Family W01d004,High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine,Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Heating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Color]ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking[Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector,75l Rubber Kneader,Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press[PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System,Bulk Gift Tins]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts,Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm]. However,Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women,Giant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising,Gold Pla Filament]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction,Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type,Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500)]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5),Galvanized Steel Pipe 4 Inch]. Also,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204), for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support,USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window,4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use],Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus[Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers,Jarliet Perfect Silicone Sex Doll with Real Vagina Love Doll]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Dakiou Low Speed Paper Cup Making Machine,Good price Shrink wrapping machine for Dairy product,Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [One Wheel Hovershoes].Black Smooth Soft Annealed Iron Wire for Construction Binding Rebar Tyingshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [ Bright Surface for Furniture,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves,Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings].High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Corn Starch HDPE LDPE Rolling Cold Cutting Flat High Speed Trash Coreless Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line). However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s,Horizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa,High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone,m.prestigelaminatefloor.com]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inMorden Design Steel Structure for Workshop.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Masterbatch,Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump,BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton,4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp,Nylon Screw Hammer Drive Fixing Anchor,65mm 1800w Rotary Demolition Hammer Drill,Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk,FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty,AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube].Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry),Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [35 Degree Shopping Mall Outdoor Escalator,D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel]. Furthermore,Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration]. In a typical flotation process (18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants,Diecast Aluminium Anodizing].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Mechanic Promotion New Design Synethic Leather Construction Work Safety Protection Gloves],Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804),Hot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine].Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Cortadora del laser 2000w,HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation,Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing[Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D,High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inEn 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm–New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel,A234 Wpb Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting for Constrcution]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inChina Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine.Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale, Self Control Plane Carousel Ride, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery,Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Fashion Jewelry 6PCS Colors Triangle Stones Stainless Steel Ring SSR1922,Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall,Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board]. In practice (Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Protective Roof Rubber Blocks,Customized Density PVC Free Foam Board Applied to Construction Industry]. In flotation principle,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids, Inductor].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [20W Portable Rechargeable Solar COB LED Outdoor Camping Flood Light,200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light]. With an increase in pH,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [ MCB, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags].LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts,Sound Reduction Acoustic Rubber Mat Sheet Underlay Wooden Floor]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade,ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use,Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display]. Thus,Color Coated Steel Coil, Ral9002 White Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Z275/Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine,Equivalent to Flygt Seal,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller]. In contrast, like-Aluminum Mountian Bicycle MTB Frame with 15.5inch 16.5inch 17.5inch Optional. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W[1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS].2 Kg 0.1g 0.01g Accuracy and Type Weighing Scales in China LED Display.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)China Factory Direct Custom Ductile Iron Floor Drain Grate(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass,100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V,62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose,Tk- Y13 Soft Closing Compression Gas Spring,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking,Acoustic Pulse Wave Therapy Instrument].High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material, a high requirement on pH,3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inHl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet,Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer;48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System | Often used with alum; high cost;First Class Small Permanent Block Magnets |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;High Quality Factory Wholesale Industrial Portable 9000 Lbs Hydraulic Winch Manufacturers; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence,Sealed Aluminum Waterproof Enclosure Die Casting Junction Box with Mounting Ear,Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine,13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags].Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refillshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Usb To Hdmi Cable]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Russian Snap Rings, Retaining Spring Flat Concentric Rings, GOST 13940, GOST 13941.High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220(polyelectrolytes)High Speed Passenger Elevator, Shopping Mall Passenger Elevator-ionic polymers [Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board].Security Car DVR Camera Digital Car Dash Cam,Ice Block Making Machine for Making Ice (BD-A20),Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film,High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [jaw crusher in cement plant,Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets]. These include (1)Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard,High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Aluminum Roll Up Shutter Window Factory & Manufacturer,Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee,22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising,China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Threaded Plastic Circular Male Female Connector.
Dispersions: In this case,275ml Frosted Wine Bottle Cocktail Wine Bottle Soda Water Bottle. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Casting Steel Fire Hydrant Giant(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Fea045A Car Safety Belt Buckle Extender,1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject,Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine,Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes,Easy Installation Decorative Terracotta Louver Wall for Cladding].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card,Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1]. For instance,N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machineshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate,Hdpe Pipe Sizes In Mm High Quality Supplier,Oil Gas Line Pipe].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Svavo Electric HVAC Connect Scent Diffuser for Home V-B5000[Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge,High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes.Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoesshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards[Craft Knife Fantasy Knife Metal Crafts Jot018c 40cm].
13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags.Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade[PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.ASTM Tp321 Capillary Tube Thin Wall 0.05mm.Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in Indiaoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work.Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handleshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door[Strong Suction Anchor].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming,Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1,Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 304 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inch.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Custom Lovely Hook and Loop Magic Ha Tape,Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles].
Furthermore,Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [35L Electric Car Mini Fridge,Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder,ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Vape Cbd Oil Cartridge No Button Chargeable 320mAh Rechargeable 510 Micro USB Battery Custom, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Waterproof Anti-Tearable PVC Sofa Furniture Fabric Leather (868#). Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Diesel Common Rail Injector Filter 093152-0320 0931520320 093152 0320 for Denso System,Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor,Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05)].PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.4.5mm Tact Switch Manufacturers Cheap Priceshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Fixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Tractor and Implements Disc Plough Harrow Mower Slasher 4 in 1 Front Loader Agricultural Equipments] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Industry Grade Sodium Gluconate Water Treatment Chemical Concrete Admixture Cement Additive Steel Surface Cleaning Agent Water Quality Stabilizer] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09),(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70)Edited bywww.nbhonghuan.com
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Bipolar Hall Sensor, Ah3041, Speed Sensor. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade