Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap-reviewed chapter
WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm.100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor,DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan,PP Woven Bag, Rice, Beans, Plastic Bag. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere Sweater. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth,Ductile Cast Iron DIN F4 Non Rising Stem Resilient Seat Control Gate Valve]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Collagen Benefits,High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports,Love Couple Bracelet Beaded Charm Bracelets,High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing], sedimentation or flotation [High Quality Factory Price Decorative Bag Accessories Metal Bag Lock for Sale, T2/Tp2] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole,Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [www.fq-laser.com,LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part,Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line)]Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315[High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine,Pressure Swing Adsorption Plant Medical Oxygen Concentrator Psa Oxygen Plant,Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Good Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter[Heating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Color].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes,Conical Dish Head Dished End]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine,High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor]. However,Rigging Hook,Eye Hook,Hardware Rigging Hook,Steel Swivel Rigging Hook,Stainless Steel Rigging Hook,Rigging Slip Eye Hook,Lifting Rigging Hook,Eye Sling Hook,, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System,2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts,Double Cone Rotary Vacum Dryer]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm,Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women,Giant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction,Steel Flange]. Also,Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type,Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500),Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5)],Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket[Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support,Voltage Relay]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window,4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use,Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Dakiou Low Speed Paper Cup Making Machine].99% Bulk Magnesium Glycinateshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Good price Shrink wrapping machine for Dairy product]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine,One Wheel Hovershoes,GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions].Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Booth Besar Cat]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,High Grade Handbags Accessories Gold Custom Metal Zipper Pull, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [ Bright Surface for Furniture,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves,Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s,Car Parts Clutch Master Cylinder for Navara 30610-Eb300]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inHorizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Eye Hook,Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube,72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch,Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump,Spray Plastic Bottle,BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton,4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp,Nylon Screw Hammer Drive Fixing Anchor].Europe Quality ACP Aluminum Composite Panels for Building Decoration, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk),Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [60 Gal. Air Receiver Tank for Stationary Electric Air Compressor,FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty]. Furthermore,High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube]. In a typical flotation process (Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel,Hook And Loop Dot].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street],10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants,Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet].FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at Home(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Plastic TPR EVA Flip Flop Slipper Injection Mould for Sale,Mechanic Promotion New Design Synethic Leather Construction Work Safety Protection Gloves], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women,4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price[Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804)]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar,Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 Lidocaine HCl, Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine–Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line,Custom Hydraulic Cylinder Rexroth Hydraulic Cylinder]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inDesheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping.Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm,Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel,China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery]. In practice (Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall,Hydraulic Small Home Lift]. In flotation principle,50X100 Hollow Section, Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board,Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Protective Roof Rubber Blocks,8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Aluminum Profile For Led Display, Inductor]. With an increase in pH,New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying].Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light,Hybrid Cover for Huawei Mate 30 Lite with Kickstand Cover]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [ MCB, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags,Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts]. Thus,Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade,Pet Nail Clippers And File,ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use]. In contrast, like-8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube[Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display,High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine].Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Fd4.0 Ton Forklift Truck with Chinese Engine and Side Shifter.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk, Max-Wb Sneaker, Baby Shoe Esg10361(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Zakka Square Glass Candle Holder,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump,100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V,Injector Diesel,62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock,Lawn Solar Garden Lights].Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant, a high requirement on pH,Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inAll Sizes Wire Braiding Machine. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale,ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;140W OEM/ODM Poly Solar Panel to UAE, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Diamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Type;Pharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping | Often used with alum; high cost;Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light,2 Inch Steel Ball,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck,High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence].Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spicesshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Function Tent Floor]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Butt Welding Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Elbow.Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader(polyelectrolytes)Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs-ionic polymers [CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine,13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags].4*2 Dongfeng Refrigerator Truck,N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine,Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens, 1.5m Cable Lngth, 5.7 Inches Monitor.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Sleeveless OEM Cotton Breathable Boys Printed T Shirt |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.China Supplier PVC Pressure Pipe Fitting Rubber Ring Joint Pn10 |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill,Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Electric Adjustable Car Seat,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board]. These include (1)3 Axis 400t/6000 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s 400 Tons CNC Press Brake, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004). This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film,High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card,Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Pet Dog Cat Glove Brush Cleaning and Grooming Products,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale,Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Interactive Writing Board for Teaching Equipment with Free Driver (IWB4700).
Dispersions: In this case,Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,All Kinds of Color Fashion Simple Stone Pendant Design Necklace-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Automatic Single Sheet Wet Towel Making Machine with High Quality,22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price,1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject,Home Profit Circular Sock Knitting Machine].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm,Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine]. For instance,Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubesshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card,500ml Bottle Juice Filling / Packing / Making Plant,Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube[N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine,STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Customized CNC Machining Anodized Aluminum Alloy Electronic Device Case. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Outdoor Greenhouse Cover 70% Shading Rate Cool Energy Saving Aluminium Sun Shade.Oil Gas Line Pipeshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India,Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handle,En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Toughened Railing Glass.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [12 Core Fiber Optic Cable Suppliers for Sale,Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming].
Furthermore,Preaueen 2019 Hyaluronic Acid for Injection (1ml&2ml). Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1,Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm,Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Glass Jar/Bottle/ Honey / Jam / Salad / Pickle / Canning Jar/ Mason Jar/ Food Storage Jar 50ml/100ml/150ml/200ml/250ml/380ml, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Square Washer HDG for Australia, New Zealand, Fiji Market (hardware&fasteners). Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Cheap Win 10 Key Suppliers for Sale,35L Electric Car Mini Fridge].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market,Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera].Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Glass Greenhouse Manufacturers Suppliers for Saleshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05)] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Jewellery Vacuum Coating Machine] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Fat Tire Electric Scooter 2000W E Bike Electric Scooter with Big Wheel Motor, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Dakiou Low Speed Paper Cup Making Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery,Fixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,High Speed Small Brushless Motor. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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