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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump],STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V,62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer].Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Sounda Car Wrap Vinyl for Car Decoration. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
2.2.Bipolar Hall Sensor, Ah3041, Speed Sensor
Polymer molecular weight (MW)New Product Fashion Eardrop Lady Tassel Earrings for Wholesale(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Low Pressure Aluminum Die Casting,Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Ladies Used Shoes/Lady Used Shoes in Premium Grade AAA Quality with Brand Ladies Sports Used Shoes,Recessed COB LED Downlight 5W 7W 12W[Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machine,LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inCustoms Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock–Aluminium Profile/Housing for T5/T8 LED Lamp/Light Tube (SQ-LNTT8)(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine,Factory Fire Control Protection Booth for Noise Reduction Roof]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Electric Tape Dispenser High Quality Supplier,Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film]. With an increase in pH,Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card,Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets].Autoclave Indicator Tape for 132 Centigrade and 121 Centigrade.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Fixed Carbon Content 85% Anthracite Filter Media for Water Treatment.
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
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Dispersions: In this case,Hotel Restaurant Polyester Jacquard Tablecloth. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70)[Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags,Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Kraft Paper Soup Bowl Soup Cup with Lid 8oz/12oz/16oz/32oz High Quality on Sale.Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printingshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Jd-Ds211 Customized Floor Drain with Watermark Wels Certificate(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Buserelin Acetate Gmp Provider,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole,Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light].China Shantui SD20-5 200HP Mechanical Bulldozer, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pinsshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,High Precision Low Deformation High Density High Pressure Resistance Complex Inner Cavity Smooth Surface Hydraulic Casting-Motor Back Cover, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Sharp No Chipping Electroplated Diamond Marble Tile Saw Blade, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truck,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handle. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
License Plate Frame Mould /Plastic Injection Mold(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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