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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar].Coal Separation High Quality Suppliershows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117),Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent, BOPP].Ductile Cast Iron DIN F4 Non Rising Stem Resilient Seat Control Gate Valve, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Childrens Backpack]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [ 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape],20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench,Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa].Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Polyester Taffeta Ripstop Camouflage Digital Print Fabric(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [F17 Grade Plywood,Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05)], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying[Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton,China Modular Luxury Movable Shipping Container Beautiful Villa House with Bathroom Tiny Modular Homes) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inSet of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents–Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather,Bluetooth Earphone PCB with Assembly and Components (PCBA) Manufacturer]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion,2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck].2-Color Handle Adjustable Spanner.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e)]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS.
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Construction Melamine Glue Spcification Oriented Strand Board Smartly 1220X2440mm; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;High Precision PVC/ EVA Injection Mould for Sandals & Shoe
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Yjv XLPE Insulation Power Aluminum Cable. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components.
Dispersions: In this case,Eco-Friendly Flat Head Self Tapping Screw. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor[ T2/Tp2,Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Hzs 35m3 Stationary Wet Concrete Mixing Plant From Factory.Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Holeshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants,Heating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Color,Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock.
Furthermore,Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lid. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine,High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor,200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Laser Marking Machine/Laser Marker/Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Engraver. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Ppgi,2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts].
4.2.4 Application of organic polymers
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women,Giant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising].Portable Home Use Big Capacity Medical Bag Oxygen Bag, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Plastering Machine Wallshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Reusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support,USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Veterinary Portable Ultrasound Scanner. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09)(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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