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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine],Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Neoprene Elbow Support,Multi-Functional Slimming Equipment RF Cavitation Diode Laser System].Aluminum Pipe 3003, H112, Aluminium Tube Price 3003, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Industrial Natural Gas Boiler,P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Twisted 18/2 Cloth Fabric Electrical Cord, Great for Vintage, Industrial, and Antique Lamps.,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate[Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Neoprene Elbow Support,Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inVvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price–Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16)(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve,Wholesale Production Echinacea Extract Powder Water Soluble High Purity Plant Extract Echinacea Extract]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve,Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs].High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger,Calcium Chloride 74% Flake Suppliers for Sale].Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t, a high requirement on pH,China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inEvaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
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Dispersions: In this case,Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Automatic Soap Bag in Box Packing Machine-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Bakery Used Cooling Food Spiral Cooling Machine[Recessed COB LED Downlight 5W 7W 12W,Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower.DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fanshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Safety Work Protection Leather Footwear with Steel Toe(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun,Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable,Best Soft Airplane Quilt Supplier for Airline]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Product Design and Molding.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Edge Batten Press Suppliers for Sale,Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym, Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way].Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoorshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Shanghai Tj-420f Automatic Flour Packing Machinery with High Quality,Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,JAC 8*4 34.5cbm LPG Tank Dispenser Truck 17 Tons 18 Ton with Gas Filling Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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