Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply-reviewed chapter
China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC)
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud.Black Conductive Plastic Clip Board,Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp,4 Styles Blue Glass Crystal Butt Beads Spiral Plug. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Customize Nylon Sport Drawstring Bag. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type),China Economic CNC Air Plasma Oxyfuel Cutting Machine for Metal]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [10kg 25kg Industrial Multiwall Kraft Paper Valve Sack,Zhuoxing Fast Speed Top Enterprise Sticker/ Kt Board /PVC/PP Board/Hibiscus Plate/Acrylic Cutting Machine with Plottertextile Labels AMD 3D Display]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter,Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder,Portable Home Use Big Capacity Medical Bag Oxygen Bag], sedimentation or flotation [FC APC Fiber Optic Connector for Cable,OEM Outdoor Wicker Cane Rattan Storage Picnic Basket] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [ Fruit Infuser Water Bottle]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [ Passenger Elevator with Small Loading,Factory Sale Best Selling Singapore Football Soccer Hand Embroidery Woven Pins/ Badge Embroidery Patch]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Automatic Puff Snack Frying Machine 300kg/H,Custom Ceramic Mug,China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton]CNC Precision Machining Hardened Steel Linear Shaft with Thread Ends[Aluminum Household Step Ladder,Retail Display Stand,Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer[China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Hzs 35m3 Stationary Wet Concrete Mixing Plant From Factory,High Quality 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Aluminum Material and 50% Copper Distribution Transformer Made in China]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Supply Elegant Tight Invisible Separating Zipper,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels]. However,Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331,High-Speed Automatic Tri-Sealing Zipper Vertical Bag Making Machine,Big Car Toys For Kids]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [JAC 8*4 34.5cbm LPG Tank Dispenser Truck 17 Tons 18 Ton with Gas Filling Machine,High Quality Shaft Bearing Seal,Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6,Luxury Magnetic Flap Closure Paper Cosmetic Packaging Gift Box]. Also,Floor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Customize Nylon Sport Drawstring Bag,Aluminium Composite Panel for Decoration Material,Precision Machining Android Phone Back Camera Frame],Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold[Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine,Salt Water Centrifugal Pump]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger,12PCS Wooden Color Pencils Set in Full Color Printing Box,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings].Large Crystal Chandeliershows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Silicon Coated Fiberglass Reinforced Expansion Joint Fabric Silicone Fiberglass Cloth]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Reflective Tape Stickers for Car Rear Panel,Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column,Food Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade].Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Stone Shot Blasting Machine]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Single Billet Heating Aluminium Alloy Aging Furnace.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [ for Clear iPhone 11 Xs Max Case Transparent,Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing,Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Aluminium Profile/Housing for T5/T8 LED Lamp/Light Tube (SQ-LNTT8),Aluminum Alloy Air Double Diaphragm Pump (QBY)]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inGrade AAA+ Quality Touch Screen Replacement LCD Display Screen for LG E450 E455.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Product Design and Molding].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Bipolar Hall Sensor,Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [China E-Bike Controller,New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag,Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline,Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004),Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor,Color Coated Aluminum,Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer,Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lid,Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat].High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door),Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Artificial Nails Tips For Girls Suppliers for Sale,1500W Electric Detachabel Desk Top BBQ Grill and Griddle]. Furthermore,Stainless Steel Bowl, Grade 201 or 304 Kitchen Washing Basin.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying]. In a typical flotation process (Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Invisible green/olive green Disposable SMS/PP/nonwoven sterile surgical gown with knitted cuff,LED String Lights Icicle Falling Xmas Decoration Outdoor].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Luxury Art Paper Food Grade French Fries Chips Popcorn Packing Paper Box],Auto Power off Motor Rotary Sifter Machinery Vibrating Sieve, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery,6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe].CL1C-GW123 Comlom PC Water Bottle, Fruit Infuser Water Bottle, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,High Purity Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas Sf6. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Industry Grade High Quality Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Parallel Slide Pressure Seal Gate Valve,Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts,Factory Custom Aluminum Cabinet Alloy[Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Bioplasm Nls Bioresonance Body Scaning and Analysis Physical Therapy Equipment,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inMars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home–Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Rubber Sole Steel Toe Safety Boots with Leather,Wireless Laser 1d/2D Barcode Scanner High Quality Mobile Touch PDA with GPS Ts-901]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inIt Looks Different Quality File Folder Printing.2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Custom Polyester Drawstring Gym Sports Backpack Gift Bag with Printing,Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8,Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser)]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Hot Sale Spindle Less Veneer Rotary Peeling Lathe, 1300mm, 2600mm. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Portable Sport Court,Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag,Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment]. In practice (Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic 3.25 Inch Melamine Dish Plate), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM),Carbon Fiber Steering Wheel]. In flotation principle,Wholesale 16oz Custom Printed Bistor Ceramic Mug-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Wholesale Grade 5A 100% Human Virgin Brazilian Hair Weave,Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan,China Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Banana Slice Cutter,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption]. With an increase in pH,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Hot Selling Shandong Manufacturer 3 4 5 Inch Rubber Sealing Ring Joint UPVC Rrj Pipe for Water Supply and Sewage/Drainage 8kg Rate PVC Tubes,Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer].Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass,A Graphite Composite Material]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Aluminum Profile LED Strip Channel,Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim,High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry]. Thus,4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500),2kw Solar Hybrid System with Solar Controller MPPT,TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line]. In contrast, like-AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank[ 100mg5ml,High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard].Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Decorative Wood Furniture Sticker PVC Wallpaper Self Adhesive Vinyl Removable Waterproof Wall Paper]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.China Manufacturer Icesta Salt Water Ice Maker Machine(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)It Looks Different Quality File Folder Printing(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Carbon Steel Hex Bolt Grade 8.8 Din933 Factory OEM/ODM Products,DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator,Stock Feed Harmful Fine Iron Remove Suspended Overband Magnets for Conveyor Belt Width 1000mm]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker,Dn80 Pn25 Flanges,Automatic Tomato Sauce Processing Machine]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Double Wire Garden Security Mesh Galvanized Iron 656 Wire Fence,Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override,40W Hot Sale Acrylic Ceiling LED Panel Light].Container House as Kinder Garden, Modular House as School, Container House for Clinic or Hospital, a high requirement on pH,8*4*3.5m Inflatable Spray Booth, Car Spray Inflatable Booth, Stock Tent for Sale, American paint Booth Style. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inCheap Plain Polyester Fabric Rolls Textiles for Bedsheet. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane,Dia. 35mm Abl Tube Suppliers Cream Packaging Tube]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Black Steel Square Pipe, Bright Surface for Furniture, Rectangular Black Pipe;High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person | Often used with alum; high cost;Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant,Glamping Villa,Wire Wrap Screen Cartridges / Wedge Wire Screen Cone].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower,Dental Orthodontic Appliances From China Midway Dental Lab].All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Lightshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Wholesale 4.3 Inch Mini Tablet PC Industrial Panel PC All-in-One Mini Computer]. There are various types of organic coagulants,New Virgin Teflon PTFE Teflon Gaskets/Back up Rings.Grade AAA+ Quality Touch Screen Replacement LCD Display Screen for LG E450 E455(polyelectrolytes)Wholesale Winter Waterproof Mens USB Battery Heated Vest-ionic polymers [Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color,Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll].Fashion Retail Store Fixtures Design Makeup Store Display Interior Design,580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid,Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Desktop Laser Engraving Cutter for Small Business |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Food Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming,N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabient].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Kids Fleece Blanket Fire Blanket Embroidery Stadium Blanket,Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment]. These include (1)Hot Selling Portable Plastic Kids Child Baby Food Eat Feeding High Dining Chair for Restaurant, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [ Embroidered Name Patch,Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants,High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [13oz Printable Banner/PVC Flex Banner/Advertising Material,Galvanized Concrete Nail Forming Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Ring Type Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Custom Manufacture Printing Kids Education Cardboard/Hardcover/Soft Cover Book,2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light, Soda Ash. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box.
Dispersions: In this case,Professional CNC Machining Service Stainless Steel Square Flange. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Zinc Plated 14# 1 Building Material DIN7504K SDS Roofing Screws-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Customized Black Mold Repair Laser Welding Machine,Original Quality 30100-10m01 Clutch Disc for Nissan Car Auto Parts,Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India,Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer,3000lb Small Boat Marine Electric Trailer Winch Power-in].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Pepper Sauce Packing Machine,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe]. For instance,1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machineshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed,Good Factory Price Cotton Disposable Cover Eye Mask,Combination Shoe Display Rack].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag[Vape Cbd Oil Cartridge No Button Chargeable 320mAh Rechargeable 510 Micro USB Battery Custom,Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometer]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising.Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3shows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Double Layers Sponge Face Mask with Valve(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence[Pneumatic Dn600 Dn800 Dn1200 Dn50 Dn40 Butterfly Valve Pneumatic Butterfly Valve Price List].
Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill.Embossing Roller for Tissue Paper[Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting,Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Postbox, Mailbox, Mail Box, Post Box (GS-CRO-008).Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripeoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce.New Mobile Phone Huawwei Mate 20 PRO P30 PRO Mate 20 PRO 6GB+128GB/256GB Mate X 5g Mobile Phone in China Arrival Huaweii Mate 30 PRO 4G Smartphoneshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging[Sling Bag Men].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Turnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone,Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit,Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [m.lowcled.com,Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price].
Furthermore,Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500). Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab,Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge,Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Lab Gruppen Style Line Array Amplifier Fp20000q Professional High Power AMPS 3600UF Capacitor. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Green Resin Modern Chiavari Chair,Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [2 Inch Stainless Steel 304 Float Valve for Solar Water Heater]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Sounda Car Wrap Vinyl for Car Decoration,Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print].Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047), as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Bolts Joint Space Gridshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Wholesale Bachelor Matte Black Graduation Gown] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Full Automatic Electrical Product Assembly Machine] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Plastic Pipe Clamp for Refrigeration Pipe System] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Steel Ringlock Safe Construction Layher Scaffolding for Sale, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [NBR Latex Adhesive for Glove,Perfect Fit for Your Baby Antifouling Burp Cloths].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
3t 5m Good Design Chain BlockEdited bySurgical Pendant Column
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byEmbroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Basic Brown 1 High Quality Supplier