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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Z-Type Aluminum Solar Panel Roof Mounting Bracket]. In a typical flotation process (Yczj-450/200 Hydraulic Bucking Unit), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller,Wholesale Wireless Cheapest Android 2D Barcode Scanner].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [35*33mm Door Materials Accurate Width Tolerance Poplar LVL]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [ Grade 201 or 304 Kitchen Washing Basin],30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Orthopedic Adjustable Hinged ROM Elbow Brace Elbow Splint Elbow Support,Ce RoHS 4000K 5000K 6000K 600X600 Square LED Ceiling Panel Light 36W/40W/48W].Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047)(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Stainless Steel Trim Profile U Channel Decorative Strips Inlay for Wall and Floor,Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type,Steel Ringlock Safe Construction Layher Scaffolding for Sale[Ye3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass,D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in3W/5W High Quality UV Laser Marking Machine PCB Printing–Yj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Slim Rental LED Display/Indoor LED Video Wall Screen (P2.5 board),www.tocnsupplychain.com]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine,50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [PTFE Wear Seal Ring Teflon Sheet Gasket,ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes]. With an increase in pH,Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifier. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass,Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram].High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1),Alumina Ceramic Grinding Factory OEM/ODM Products].Great Flavors Energy E Cig Liquid, a high requirement on pH,High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650). Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in Service Food Truck. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Blade Electric Adjustment Thin Blade Slitter and Scorer Machine,Bathroom Mirror for Hotel Guestroom with LED]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Mini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory.
Dispersions: In this case,Industrial Overhead Crane Type Electromagnet Lifter. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,New SMT Desktop Reflow Oven, Puhui T-937, SMD LED Soldering Machine[Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621,Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Different Color & Size AA1100&3003 H16/H18 PE/PVDF Color Aluminum Coil. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Sanitary Clamp End Butterfly Valve with Ce Certificate.Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirrorshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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4.2.2 Cationic polymers
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40,Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324)]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [PMMA Reflective Warning Tape,Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door,China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring].All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Disc Organic Compound Fertilizer for Sale Organic Pellet Machinesshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock,Water Microdermabrasion Hydro Facial Machine for Acne Removal Skin Revitalizer].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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