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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping.Mobile Concert Stage with Aluminum Brace Adjustable Legs,18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh,Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Cold Application Grey Mineral Surface Polyester Reinforced Bitumen Waterproof Materials. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117). The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part,New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv,Europe Quality ACP Aluminum Composite Panels for Building Decoration]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Plastic PVC (vacuum calibration cooling tank haul off cutter stacker) Pipe Extruding Machine,Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights,Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook], sedimentation or flotation [1050 1060,Auto Parts Dt One Control One Two Switch Cable Wire Harness] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1), Service Food Truck]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Striped Soccer Jerseys,Blade Electric Adjustment Thin Blade Slitter and Scorer Machine,Bathroom Mirror for Hotel Guestroom with LED]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b]Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B)[Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools,High Quality Waterproof SMC Square Composite Manhole Cover with Frame,Outdoor Greenhouse Cover 70% Shading Rate Cool Energy Saving Aluminium Sun Shade]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12)[Fashion Wholesale Clothes Clothing Swim Beach Boxer Custom Sprots Running Gym Shorts].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape,Cosmetic Bottle Glass]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete,Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable]. However,Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [European Plug Level VI 5V 10A Power Adapter Supply 60W DC Adaptor for LED Light,Water Filter Use Bulk Anthracite Filter Media for Sale,Tig Welding Glove]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory,Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder,860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [ Black Excavator Track Rollers,Hans Free Sample Convenient and Simple New Design Zig-Zag Tape with Gold Thread]. Also,Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold,Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China,High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole],High Manganese Impactor Parts Blow Bar Suit Terex Impact Crusher[Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer,Good Quality Microcomputer Temperature Controller for Air Condition]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine,Polyester Staple and Bamboo Printed Tablecloth].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine].Y2 Series Cast Iron Three Phase Electric Motor (IE1/IE2/IE3 Standard) for Air Compressorshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Laminated FIBC Bulk Jumbo Bag Super Sack]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [High Quality Beiben Truck Parts Rear Wheel House,Smokeless Solid Waste Incinerator for Domestic Garbage Incineration,Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610].China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Portable Home Air Cooler With Ice Box]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621,Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Vital Injector,Customized Automotive Sheet Metal Parts High Quality Supplier]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inSpherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale,High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [PVDF Aluminium Sheet Color Coated for Cladding Wall Roofing,Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40,Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324),Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container,Xanthan Gum In Industrial,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers,10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home,3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking].Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block),Smash-Proof Puncture-Proof Safety Shoes Labor Shoes Safety Footwear. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Electronic Manufacturing PCB PCBA One-Stop Service,Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W]. Furthermore,Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door]. In a typical flotation process (China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [D902 Cylinder Head for Kubota Tractor Diesel Engine Parts,Cordless Hair Trimmer Hair Clipper].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [2.0mm Thickness Reinforced PVC Waterproofing Membrane for Plant Roof],CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack Small Hydraulic Power Unit Diesel Hydraulic Power Pack for Sale Double Acting Hydraulic Power Unit,Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock].Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)PVC/Pet/OPS Shrink Sleeve Used for Plastic and Glass Bottle(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Customized Concave Edge Electroplated Bonded Diamond Grinding Wheel (GW-100082),Water Microdermabrasion Hydro Facial Machine for Acne Removal Skin Revitalizer], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch,Flexible Transparent PVC Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hose[Wholesale Germany Oktoberfest Festival Party Felt Hat]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding,Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inCustome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl–Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier,Ductile Irontelecom Manhole Cover]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inDisposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set.Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V,Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm,Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Orifice Flange,St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer,Small Capacity Automatic Cup Filling Machine]. In practice (MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Trailer]. In flotation principle,Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce,Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [ New Zealand,6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Reflective ANSI Class 2 Hi Vis Safety Vest with Pockets for Workers Wear,Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts]. With an increase in pH,2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line,Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape].3t 5m Good Design Chain Block.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder,China Flexible Oil Hose]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate,Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal,2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scooter]. Thus,High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30,CNC Turning Machine,New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag]. In contrast, like-Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck[Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332),CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable].Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)White Magnetic Closure Cardboard Custom Paper Ring Box(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [www.gsbracefactory.com,Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging,Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case,Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter,Sg300sde Sutomatic Stand up Resealable Pouch Filling Packing Machine,Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h)]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer,8mm Float Clear Glass].Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic 3.25 Inch Melamine Dish Plate, a high requirement on pH,Diesel Fuel Filter Stainless Steel Filter Basket. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inAndroid 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord,Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame;Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive | Often used with alum; high cost;Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture,Alu Profile With Connectors,Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom,Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler].The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roofshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Top Quality 99.95% Molybdenum Square Plates]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer.PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector(polyelectrolytes)Enhanced Condensation Tube, Suitable for Central Air-Conditioner Centrifuge, Water Colled Screw Chilled Water Units, T2/Tp2-ionic polymers [Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud,High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment].NiCr Alloy Nickel 80% Chrome 20% Strip for Heating Element,IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump,Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er,Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [100% Cotton Print Women T-Shirt Wholesale High Quality T-Shirt,BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps]. These include (1)High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting,High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Passenger Lift Cost,60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light,Toughened Railing Glass].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Microfiber Blanket Warm Flannel Fleece Kids Printing Blankets Bed Throws.
Dispersions: In this case,Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T). This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Silicone Cake Mold Chocolate Craft Candy Baking Mold,T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox,Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed,AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Dry Cutting Saw Blade for Granite Marble Tile Steel].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber,Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields]. For instance,Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucetsshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp,Dongguan Plastic Mould for Sale,General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer[Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China,Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction.Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Constructionshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Table]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100),Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module,Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Cement Dispersing Agent Factory OEM/ODM Products,Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites].
Furthermore,Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve,Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse,European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G). Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [6020 Fully-Automaic Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine Laser Machinery,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand,IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use].6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Solar Alarm Warning Security Anti-Theft Light Sensor Waterproof Farm Garden Lampshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [35kv Indoor with Casting Current Transformer] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Aluminum Die Casting Suppliers] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Finishing Aluminium Alloy Profile, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324), which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube,Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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