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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:1500W Electric Detachabel Desk Top BBQ Grill and Griddle@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Lenton Type Bar Lock Couplers with Bolt]. In a typical flotation process (China Supplier PVC Pressure Pipe Fitting Rubber Ring Joint Pn10), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Curved Rake Tine/ Agricultural Tine, Bale Tine, Bale Spike Hay Spike Tine Teeth. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Bioplasm Nls Bioresonance Body Scaning and Analysis Physical Therapy Equipment,Wooden Craft Beads].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [6D Galvanic Facial Machine Eye Lifting Skin Care Beauty Equipment],OEM Outdoor Wicker Cane Rattan Storage Picnic Basket, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [4 Styles Blue Glass Crystal Butt Beads Spiral Plug, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement].Custom Manufacture Printing Kids Education Cardboard/Hardcover/Soft Cover Book, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Lk5PP2410u105 Cat5e UTP 24 Port Patch Panel with Bar (Double USE End). To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Clear Acrylic Pet Accessories Bed Dog Bed with Feeder. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [A4 size separator folder,Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70)[ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine,Kraft Paper Soup Bowl Soup Cup with Lid 8oz/12oz/16oz/32oz High Quality on Sale) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inOEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men–Jd-Ds211 Customized Floor Drain with Watermark Wels Certificate(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet,Hot Sale 4 Seater Fast Food Dining Room Set]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions
Latest Design Lbs Location Smart Watch for Kids with SIM Card Slot Camera Sos Button. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inExhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand.Polyester Staple and Bamboo Printed Tablecloth, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Malleable Fittings Union, Mexico,Long Sleeve Lace Beaded Muslim Bridal Gown Wedding Dress]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Roll Paper to Sheet Paper Cutting Machine Paper Cutter Price,Well Polished Stainless Steel Pipe]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Books,Small Tripod Table Lamp Furniture/Lighting/LED Lighting /Lamp/Decoration/ LED/Bulb/Tripod/Wooden Lamp]. With an increase in pH,100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting,Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price].PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [High Purity Customized Ceramic Boron Nitride Bn Pbn Crucible/Parts/Boat/Substrate]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,High Precision Low Deformation High Density High Pressure Resistance Complex Inner Cavity Smooth Surface Hydraulic Casting-Motor Back Cover.
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MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC
* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23
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Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3
PAC-10 LB
* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Roll Paper to Sheet Paper Cutting Machine Paper Cutter Price. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Ye3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor.
Dispersions: In this case,Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Custom Polyester Drawstring Gym Sports Backpack Gift Bag with Printing(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Injection Plastic Mould,Wooden Door Manufacturing Machinery China Video,Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs,Factory Custom Aluminum Cabinet Alloy,Hf31018 Led Taxi Top].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration[Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool,New Design LED Panel Light 6W/9W/15W/20W]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Wooden Door Manufacturing Machinery China Video, Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Woodworking Machinery Used. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip.5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCCshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Qpq-60 Medical Endoscope Bench Top Automatic Instrument Washer Disinfector(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2),Plastic PVC PE PA6 PA12 Nylon Vinyl Coated Stainless Steel Wire Rope Cable].Professional Disco Lighting 8*12W 4in1 LED Moving Spider Beam, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Engine Part for Caterpillar Crankshaft D330 D343/D348/D353/D379/D399/D398/D8Kshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Full Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder,Portable Home Use Big Capacity Medical Bag Oxygen Bag].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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