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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump.Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic,2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch,Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,3t 5m Good Design Chain Block. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291,Customized Bending Welding Stainless Steel Stamping Part]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Laboratory Medical Sterile Syringe Filter for Steroid Liquid Syringe Filter,China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC)]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [CNC Precision Machining Hardened Steel Linear Shaft with Thread Ends,5 Ply Corrugated Card Board Production Machinery,Square Type Ballscrew Support Unit with Ek20 for Screen Printing Machine], sedimentation or flotation [Quartz Scientific Glass Blowing Hho Generator,Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine,OEM Metal Precision Stamping Steel Stamped Set Aluminium Press Stamping]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Metal Steel Heavey Duty Street Light Mounting Bracket,UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna,Rack and Pinion Construction Building Equipment/Hoist/Lift]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine]PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector[Qpq-60 Medical Endoscope Bench Top Automatic Instrument Washer Disinfector,Black Matt Electric Heated Towel Rail for Bathroom,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Enhanced Condensation Tube, Suitable for Central Air-Conditioner Centrifuge, Water Colled Screw Chilled Water Units, T2/Tp2[High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Hot Selling Portable Plastic Kids Child Baby Food Eat Feeding High Dining Chair for Restaurant), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [2017 Newest Postpartum Rehabilitation Equipment Low Frequency Therapy with Electordes,Dog Toys Chew]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys,Custom Precision OEM Fineblanking Stamping Small Types of Aluminum/Iron/Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part Car Linkage]. However,NiCr Alloy Nickel 80% Chrome 20% Strip for Heating Element, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [ Injection Mould Maker in China,High Precision Low Deformation High Density High Pressure Resistance Complex Inner Cavity Smooth Surface Hydraulic Casting-Motor Back Cover,Baby Waterproof Blended Fabric Water-Resistant Clothing]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine,Yjv XLPE Insulation Power Aluminum Cable,Safety Work Protection Leather Footwear with Steel Toe]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products,m.gilardinoflooring.com]. Also,IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Stainless Steel Fabrication Custom Garden Horse Security safety Temporary Field Chain Lik Fence (plastic,High Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine,Connecting Minifix Screws Heavy Duty Three in One Connector Rod (ROD-A262)],Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment[Embroidery Applique Iron on Patch,20 Pin Data Cable Suppliers for Sale]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [240ml PP Baby Feeding Bottle with Cute Printing,Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link,Stainless Steel Wok with Soft Touch Handle].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design].cjtransistorshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Single Billet Heating Aluminium Alloy Aging Furnace]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Preaueen 2019 Hyaluronic Acid for Injection (1ml&2ml),Modular Prefab Hire Cabins,Z-Type Aluminum Solar Panel Roof Mounting Bracket].Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [www.rfidfs.net]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Yczj-450/200 Hydraulic Bucking Unit,Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller,35*33mm Door Materials Accurate Width Tolerance Poplar LVL]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [ Grade 201 or 304 Kitchen Washing Basin,PPGI PPGL Color Coated Pre-Painted Stainless Galvanized Steel Sheets in Coils.]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inOrthopedic Adjustable Hinged ROM Elbow Brace Elbow Splint Elbow Support.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Ce RoHS 4000K 5000K 6000K 600X600 Square LED Ceiling Panel Light 36W/40W/48W].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material,Ye3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Microfiber Blanket Warm Flannel Fleece Kids Printing Blankets Bed Throws; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [X-Eternal Gifts Offset Souvenirs Stainless Steel Full Color Printing School Party Smile Pin Badge Army Promotion,3W/5W High Quality UV Laser Marking Machine PCB Printing,Slim Rental LED Display/Indoor LED Video Wall Screen (P2.5 board),Private Label Teeth Whitening Activated Charcoal Powder Organic Natural Coconut Charcoal Powder for Daily Use,Mobile Concert Stage with Aluminum Brace Adjustable Legs,Led Pendant Light For Hotel,Handheld Vital Signs Patient Monitor with Etco2 SpO2 Anesthesia Gas,43 Inch Multipoints Touch Table Self-Service Digital Signage Kiosk with WiFi Touch Advertising Displaymobile Advertising Trailerbus Digital Signage LCD Digital,China Manufacturer Icesta Salt Water Ice Maker Machine].Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T), whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Wood Chips Rotary Dryer Sawdust Pellet Drying Machine),High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Furniture Leather Material,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine]. Furthermore,3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Sri Lanka Metal Detector Handheld Metal Detector Explosive Detector]. In a typical flotation process (White Magnetic Closure Cardboard Custom Paper Ring Box), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Portable Laser Engraver 20W,m.jn-solarcollector.com].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet],Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes,Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass].Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type). All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Portable Power Generator Solar Panel Kit for Home Use(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Your One-Stop Supplier Quality Chinese Products Accept OEM Building Hardware Fastener & Fitting,Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Aluminum Impeller Fan for Road Tunnel,Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon[33kv ~132kv Hot DIP Galvanized Transmission Line Electric Steel Power Pol]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand,General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in300L Micro Turnkey Beer Brewery Equipment–Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face,Free Samples Building Material White Acrylic Marble Sheet]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inHigh Precision Alloy Aluminum Plate Guillotine Shearing Machine.Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G), which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12),Affordable Price 7005,Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoor]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [High Quality Waterproof Built-in GPS Novatek 96658 Car DVR Sony Imx308 VGA Dual Camera Dash Cam,Colorful Asphalt Shingles for Roof Covering and Waterproofing,Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part]. In practice (New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Europe Quality ACP Aluminum Composite Panels for Building Decoration,Bending Sheet Metal Manufacturers Cheap Price]. In flotation principle,Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Plastic PVC (vacuum calibration cooling tank haul off cutter stacker) Pipe Extruding Machine,Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook,Auto Parts Dt One Control One Two Switch Cable Wire Harness]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Diamond Saw Blade,Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut]. With an increase in pH,Finishing Aluminium Alloy Profile, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324). For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1), Service Food Truck].China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Blade Electric Adjustment Thin Blade Slitter and Scorer Machine,Fashion Jewelry Store Twine Necklace Display Stand for Showcase]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Bathroom Mirror for Hotel Guestroom with LED,Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b,Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools]. Thus,DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Outdoor Greenhouse Cover 70% Shading Rate Cool Energy Saving Aluminium Sun Shade,pulpmask.com,Fashion Wholesale Clothes Clothing Swim Beach Boxer Custom Sprots Running Gym Shorts]. In contrast, like-Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Security[Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric,Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape].Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Farm Tools and Equipment 7ton Backhoe Loader Construction Machinery,Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable,European Plug Level VI 5V 10A Power Adapter Supply 60W DC Adaptor for LED Light]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Water Filter Use Bulk Anthracite Filter Media for Sale,Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory,Touch Screen Lcd,Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay, Black Excavator Track Rollers].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold,Exhaust Pipe Clamp].Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact Laminate, a high requirement on pH,HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inStainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole,Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line;Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades | Often used with alum; high cost;High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System,Color Master Batch For Dyestuffs Factory OEM/ODM Products,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Polyester Staple and Bamboo Printed Tablecloth,Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine].Laminated FIBC Bulk Jumbo Bag Super Sackshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [m.excavatorfilters.com]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color.Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear(polyelectrolytes)10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System-ionic polymers [High Quality Beiben Truck Parts Rear Wheel House,Smokeless Solid Waste Incinerator for Domestic Garbage Incineration].Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer,Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products,High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610,Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool,Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine]. These include (1)9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror,Vital Injector,Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Active Card High Quality Supplier,Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102,Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel,Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Custom Tempered Glass Top, Silk-Screen Printing Glass Dining Table Top. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss.
Dispersions: In this case,AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.LDPE/PE Clear Transparent Ziplock Bags Plastic Zip Lock Packaging Bag for Power Flour, Snack Food Packaging(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Esg 202 Series Stainless Steel Solenoid Shuttle Valve,Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324)]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers,Computer Plastic Chair].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home,3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking]. For instance,Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Blockshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W,Instant Wet Fresh Japanese Soba Noodles,Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine[China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring,D902 Cylinder Head for Kubota Tractor Diesel Engine Parts]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s.Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valveshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Wholesale Germany Oktoberfest Festival Party Felt Hat]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier,Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Zirconium Tungsten Electrodes,LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V].
Furthermore,12V Car Tail Light for Ranger. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm,Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw,St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Nuga Best Similar Natural Tourmaline Necklace,Small Capacity Automatic Cup Filling Machine].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce].UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO), as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Sliding Bracketshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [ New Zealand] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [2s3p 7.4V 4500mAh 18650 Li-ion Battery Pack] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line,Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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