Ye3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor-reviewed chapter
Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump.Competitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System,Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light,Brand New Isuzu Giga Tractor Truck with 350, 380, 420, 460 HP. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine,One Wheel Hovershoes]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Coil Loose Leaf Kraft Cover A5 Notebook Custom Logo,GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [ Bright Surface for Furniture,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves,Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings], sedimentation or flotation [Tomatoes Peanut Shea Butter Chili Paste Filling Machine,Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Horizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal,CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [www.essiai.com,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop,Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine]Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip[Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch,Dual Powered Skateboard,Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Qpq-60 Medical Endoscope Bench Top Automatic Instrument Washer Disinfector[BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Nylon Screw Hammer Drive Fixing Anchor,growook.com]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk,FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty]. However,Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube,Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry,Ball Nose end mill]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants,Zinc Coated Low Tension Coil Springs]. Also,UV Curing Machinery for Fire Extinguisher Cylinder Drying After Printing UV Ink, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet,Mechanic Promotion New Design Synethic Leather Construction Work Safety Protection Gloves,Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804)],Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display[Hot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine,Cnc Machine Router In Woodworking]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line,Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping,En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel].Cooling Tower FRP Fan Stackshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery,Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon].Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Concrete Pigment]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Anatase Titanium Dioxide A-100 Factory Supplier High Quality.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall,Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board,Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Protective Roof Rubber Blocks,Nq Nwl Wln Tc Core Bit for Drilling Softer Unconsolidated Formations]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown in8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Water Filter Use Bulk Anthracite Filter Media for Sale | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [ Inductor].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Reusable Laparoscopic Maryland Forceps; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Led Bulb Driver Pcb,200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light, MCB, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags,Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts,Excavator Spare Parts Sany 215-9 Door Lock Assy High Quality,Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade,ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use,Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display].160lm/W Die-Casting Aluminum UFO 200W LED High Bay Light Fixtures, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine),Professional Disco Lighting 8*12W 4in1 LED Moving Spider Beam. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Water Jug Gym,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller]. Furthermore,Full Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage]. In a typical flotation process (W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump,China Original (Na2CO3) Soda Ash Light].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer],Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose].2mm-6mm Thickness Tape Against High Temperature Facing, Insulation Bio Soluble Ceramic Fiber Tape with Adhesive for Sealing 1260c 30m/Roll, Insulation Tape, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Artificial Plant Phalaenopsis Lovely Flowers Orchid Real Electroplating Succulent Pot Lovely Round Decorative Ceramic Glass Box Pot,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Rexroth 4we6e, 4we6j, 4we6h, 4we6g, 4we6u/4we6t/4we6d Hydraulic Solenoid Directional Pneumatic Control Valve Best Price,High Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Engraver Price for Sale[All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Waterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006),Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inThree Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale–Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking,Miniature Linear Motion Guide Mgn5/Mgn7/Mgn9mgn12/Mgn15 Square Linear Block]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
8MP 4K Hikvision Fixed Security Ipc Camera with 30m IR Ds-2CD2385fwd-I. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inHl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light.Hard Plastic Blank Phone Case, for Clear iPhone 11 Xs Max Case Transparent, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet,Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck,High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Auto Car Automotive Spare Parts Accessories Kitchen Equipment Plastic Injection Mold Mould Molding,Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine]. In practice (13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill,Elevators For Disabled]. In flotation principle,Black Conductive Plastic Clip Board-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film,High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Prepainted Steel Coil,Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets]. With an increase in pH,Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard].New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale,Measuring Device Electronic Digital Outside Micrometer 0-25mm Measuring Tool]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee,22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising]. Thus,Customize Nylon Sport Drawstring Bag.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price,m.antpackaging.com,1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject]. In contrast, like-Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price[Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm,Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine].Food Trailer Catering Trailer Food Truck +Furniture Set, Service Food Truck.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Ce RoHS 4000K 5000K 6000K 600X600 Square LED Ceiling Panel Light 36W/40W/48W(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Stamping Aluminum Sheet Parts,T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card,Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine,STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate,Manual Covering Wire Machinery Manufacturer,Oil Gas Line Pipe]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge,High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes,Plastic Cap for 18.9L 20L 5 Gallon Water Bottle].25kVA-1500kVA Electric Silent Diesel Power Generator with Cummins Engine, a high requirement on pH,Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inPA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent,Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC);European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle | Often used with alum; high cost;Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Slim Rental LED Display/Indoor LED Video Wall Screen (P2.5 board); overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handle,Promotional Custom Cheap Logo Printed Embroidery Sporting Cotton Baseball Cap,En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming,Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1].Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragmshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Antique Light Lamp Cables 2*0.75]. There are various types of organic coagulants,12PCS Wooden Color Pencils Set in Full Color Printing Box.CNC Precision Machining Hardened Steel Linear Shaft with Thread Ends(polyelectrolytes)Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer-ionic polymers [Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles,35L Electric Car Mini Fridge].Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts,Floor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine,Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Single Billet Heating Aluminium Alloy Aging Furnace |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder,ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Terbinafine Powder,Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera]. These include (1)Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising,China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor,Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05)]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [China Manufacturer 5 Ton Chain Pulley Block,EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights,APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Fixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display,Tractor and Implements Disc Plough Harrow Mower Slasher 4 in 1 Front Loader Agricultural Equipments].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator.
Dispersions: In this case,High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Stainless Steel Bowl, Grade 201 or 304 Kitchen Washing Basin(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Economy Sublimation Paper 90GSM for Textile Printing,Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09),(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace,New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine,Tower Block Game].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring,OEM Service for Motorcycle Hoist in China]. For instance,Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008shows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags,Yamaha Wr 125 Fairing Supplier & Manufacturer,Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount[Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70)]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Auto Power off Motor Rotary Sifter Machinery Vibrating Sieve. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.CL1C-GW123 Comlom PC Water Bottle, Fruit Infuser Water Bottle.Flexible Transparent PVC Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hoseshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [High Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Engraver Price for Sale]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle,Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [China High Efficiency Solar Panel,OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part].
Furthermore,Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit,2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision,HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Welding Turning Roll for Pipe Welding Hdtr-1000,Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Die Casting Aluminum LED Elephant Trunk Light Radiator,Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley].Hot Sale Spindle Less Veneer Rotary Peeling Lathe, 1300mm, 2600mm, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Aluminum High Pressure Casting Partsshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Lk5PP2410u105 Cat5e UTP 24 Port Patch Panel with Bar (Double USE End)] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truck] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [High Performance 7dBi Circularation UHF Antenna for RFID Warehouse System] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Wholesale 16oz Custom Printed Bistor Ceramic Mug, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication,High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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