IntechOpen

Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine>Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B)>Kid Multipurpose Slim RFID Blocking Leather Wallet for Men

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring.Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm,One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette,Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish,Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Kitchen Sinks Prices,Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machine,Jd-Ds211 Customized Floor Drain with Watermark Wels Certificate,Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill], sedimentation or flotation [3D CNC DIY Laser Engraver Marking Metal/ Plastic/ Rubber/ ABS/ PVC Engraving,High Speed Small Brushless Motor] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [ SMD LED Soldering Machine,Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Eboat Times Prefilled Nicotine Salt Flavour Vape Electronic Cigarette Mod,FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray,Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber]China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure[Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor,43 Cm 3D Hologram Display Fan Outdoor Ad Screen Advertising Placard Promotional Taxi Android Digital Signage LCD Digital Signage,High Resolution Full Digital Trolley Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine/ Portable Ultrasound Mslcu30]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Energy-Saving Home Elevator, Passenger Elevator with Small Loading[Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker,m.saidaglass.com]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store]. However,Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [OEM 250ml Body Butter Body Lotion,Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail,Commercial Ice Making Machine Factory OEM/ODM Products]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Air-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with Windows,Matte Finish Matt Finish Oxidation Scale Layer Removing Turbo Tumbler,Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46),Laser Cutting 2mm Aluminum Sheet]. Also,Metal Sleeve Bushing SD32 Bulldozer Spare Parts, Black Excavator Track Rollers, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market,Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler,Aluminum Pipe 3003],Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine[High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming,Jiumax (R) UHMWPE Towrope UHMWPE Rope 12 Strands UHMWPE HDPE Rope]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox,Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket,PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels].Open Cuff Bangleshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays,Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine,Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t].Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Yashi 98 Inch Display Multi Touch Interactive Whiteboard   LCD]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country,Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation,Hot Sale Distiller′s Grains Dewatering Machine Chinese Medicine Screw Press Solid Separator with Good Quality]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Suspended LED linear light  Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile,Electric Centrifugal Water Pump for Irrigation]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inFlat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Sam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying OvenSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureYidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [ P60,Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holder; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [UV LED Light 365nm LED Lighting 20W,JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve,Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank,Telescopic Camera Jib Crane,0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine,ROUND,Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine,Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07)].Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality),Lightweight Concrete Panels Machine, Foam Concrete Wall Panel Machine. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [PCBA,High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer]. Furthermore,Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07).

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box]. In a typical flotation process (Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws,OEM China Factory Stainless Steel High Precision Crank Shaft].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks],99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker,Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold].Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs

Polymer molecular weight (MW)Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Rg174 Cable,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet,Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve[High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650)]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale,Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inModern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack–Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process,Kraft Paper Bags]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine.Die Casting Aluminum LED Elephant Trunk Light Radiator, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building,Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale,Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [China Gooseneck Lowboy/Low Bed/Lowbed Utility Heavy Truck Tractor Semi Trailer,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes,Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line]. In practice (20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light,Wholesale Custom Round Gift Jewelry Box (Fp600173)]. In flotation principle,Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce,Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court, Booth Seating for Restaurant]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine,Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller]. With an increase in pH,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press].Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,Bar Magnet Factory & Manufacturer]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk,Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water,High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill]. Thus,86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device,Body Video Worn Camera For Law Enforcement High Quality Supplier,Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Paper]. In contrast, like-Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Graphite Petroleum Coke Carbon Additive, Graphitized Recarburizer[Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine,High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt].Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [OEM Design Bulk Wholesale Custom Metal Tungsten Replica South Africa Gold Souvenir Coins for Dealers,Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516,70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet,Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector,Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven,Hydraulic Tilting Induction Furnace].1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machine, a high requirement on pH,Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inRoad Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging,Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Inflatable Column / Pillar with Colorful LED Light for Party Decoration; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit, Easy Light Cruiser 8inch;Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding RailOften used with alum; high cost;Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price,0.28mm 8X4 Natural Red Wooden Bintangor Face Veneer Commercial Plywood,Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [ Great for Vintage,Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart].1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jarshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Genuine Leather Strop Belt]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs.ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking(polyelectrolytes)100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press-ionic polymers [CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter,Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant].Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204),Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass,6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Accessories 90 Degree Tee].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Tiida Accessories,High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood]. These include (1)PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line), and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm,Customized Laminated Pouch / Bag for Food or Medicine,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [CNC Deep Hole Gun Drilling Machine,1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper,Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe,Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Silicone Pedometer Watch,FC Fiber Optics Adapter,Climb Bucket Concrete Mixing Plant]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204),Building Materials Aluminum Profile with Thermal Break and Anodizing,Wireless Optical Fire Smoke Detector with Solar Powered (ES-T601)].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food,Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point]. For instance,Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridgeshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand,Wholesale Pyrex Heating Water Bottle Hot and Cold with Stainless Steel Lid,30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet[15inch High Performance Lower Power IP65 Industrial Tablet PC for Industrial Equipment,Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case.2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logoshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap[China Cnc Machine Trader High Quality Supplier].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additive.Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse[10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China,Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation.8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Menoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing.Mescal Home Lovely Decor Artificial Plantshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D[Fly Net Mosquito Aluminum Wire Mesh].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [1270X2500X0.1-0.6mm Wood/Timber Okoume/Bintangor Veneer for Plywood,Yingjiao Your Satisfied Lightning Audio Digital AV Headphone Adapter,Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [China Alumina Ceramic Pipe,High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding].

Furthermore,New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Sharp No Chipping Electroplated Diamond Marble Tile Saw Blade,Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jars, CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale, Self Control Plane Carousel Ride. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Sk 2sk 2be China Electric Stainless Steel Liquid Water Ring Vacuum Pump,Tecco Mesh for Rockfall Protection on Amazon and Ebay].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Besen Type 1 Plug EV Charging Station Wall-Mount 16A 3.5kw,Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation].Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Small Connector 2.4g Wifi Antennashows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Schedule 10 Straight Seam Welded Galvanized Round Steel Pipe]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal,Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Wholesale Cheap Price Custom Printed Block Bottom Paper Airsickness Bag/Clean Bag. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterAtf-805 Auto Car Transmission Oil Changing Machines with SGS

Cite this chapterFruit Juice Production Line

Color Coated Steel Coil, Ral9002 White Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Z275/Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holder

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Aluminum Mountian Bicycle MTB Frame with 15.5inch 16.5inch 17.5inch Optional

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering

Related Content

This Book

Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment

Organic Polymers

Edited byS30815 Stainless Steel Bar Rod

Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Security

Polyester

Edited byPrefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal

High Purity Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas Sf6

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

Designer Dog Carrier Bag