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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser)@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print]. In a typical flotation process (Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Factory Custom Aluminum Cabinet Alloy,www.michemcel.com].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree],Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Great Flavors Energy E Cig Liquid,Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact Laminate].304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Oven,LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption,Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction[Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party,Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inNew Design LED Panel Light 6W/9W/15W/20W–Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC,Factory Outlets Assorted Colours Available Silver Bullet Candles for Cake]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2)].All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [ Fruit Infuser Water Bottle]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml.
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross.
Dispersions: In this case,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Touch Screen Kiosk Floor Stand,Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column,Food Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [ for Clear iPhone 11 Xs Max Case Transparent,Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing,m.changshanfabric.com].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine[Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen,New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector.Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airlineshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Chinese Luxury Home Water Proof Decorative Wallpaper Nonwoven Foil Golden Wall Paper,Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs].
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8,Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser)].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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