IntechOpen

High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

36V/48V 10ah Lithium Battery 250W/500W Fat Tyre Folding Portable

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier>Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear>Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth.Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module,High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo,Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch). This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Custom-Made Gas Spring Strut with Iron Head,5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Gas Cylinder Gas Spring Strut 800n for Container Door,Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine,220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan], sedimentation or flotation [C Mount Microscope Camera,Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal,Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Tshirt Manufacturer,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine,Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Galvanized Steel Bar Grating for ISO9001 Factory]Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve[Magnetic Front-Service P2.5/P3 Indoor LED Display,Casting & Forging Pump,160lm/W Die-Casting Aluminum UFO 200W LED High Bay Light Fixtures]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould[98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifier), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth,Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory,Gi Binding Wire Galvanized Gi Iron Wire with Free Sample]. However,Mer Dental Lab All Ceramic Restorations IPS E. Max Crown, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,Professional Brass Tube Bending/Stamping/Punching Lightsaber Spare Parts for Caster Wheel,www.rewodacn.com]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine,Molyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [2.8 Meters Single Roller Steam Industrial Ironing Machine/Linen Ironer Machine (YPA),Ox Horns Design Plastic Halloween LED Flash Demon Headpiece Light]. Also,Hygienic Stainless Steel Manual Welded Butterfly Valves with Square Handle, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole,4*2 Dongfeng Refrigerator Truck,Auto Power off Motor Rotary Sifter Machinery Vibrating Sieve],Customized Hot Forged Steel Forging Spare Parts Applied in Construction and Agricultural Machinery[Ms Gi Pipe Dn15~Dn400 Gi Pipe List,Thermal Overload Relay Working]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [2mm-6mm Thickness Tape Against High Temperature Facing,Recessed COB LED Downlight 5W 7W 12W,Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan].2019 Top Sale Unicorn Christmas Pajamasshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Ce Certification New Multifunction 4 in 1 Mini Hydraulic Torque Converter Bucket Backhoe Loader Small Tractor Backhoe 3ton 4ton 5ton 6ton 7ton 8ton]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chair,High Speed Passenger Elevator,Kraft Paper Soup Bowl Soup Cup with Lid 8oz/12oz/16oz/32oz High Quality on Sale].Ms Gi Pipe Dn15~Dn400 Gi Pipe List, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Girl Bedroom Mermaid Design Cute Sweet Silk Cotton Printing Duvet Cover Comforter Cover Quilt Cover]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Plastic Faucet and Mold Suppling, Injection Mould Maker in China.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables,Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun,Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Best Soft Airplane Quilt Supplier for Airline,Rtd Sensors]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inSpecial Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own ShoesSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperaturePiston Pulse Solenoid Valve
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Portable 3600 mAh Slim Power Bank Battery Case for iPhone 6/7/8].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Refractory Glass Wool Thermal Insulation Fibre Glass Wool,Fd4.0 Ton Forklift Truck with Chinese Engine and Side Shifter]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Chinese Brand Aluminium/ Aluminum Profile for Curtain Wall and Radiator,Mini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work,Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler,Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym, Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way,Free Sample Free Shipping E Liquid with FDA Tpd Approved,Column or Pillar Type Rubber Curing Press Machine/PLC Control Rubber Vulcanizing Machine,Small Economic CNC Vertical Machining Center/CNC Milling Machine Tc-960/V9,Purple Color Fire Pit Glass Recycled Crushed Glass Mirror Cullet].1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Manufacturer Hot Sale Tube Making Stainless Steel Pipe Mill),Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Plastic Vacuum Forming Products,Shanghai Tj-420f Automatic Flour Packing Machinery with High Quality]. Furthermore,Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring]. In a typical flotation process (5052 / 6061 /7075 / 5083 Custom Parts /Machining Aluminum Parts Automation Industry), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Small Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Temperature Transmitter. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [ 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire,Polyurethane Ornaments Superior Fireplace Parts Suppliers for Sale].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Metal Floor Decking Cold Roll Forming Machine]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid],Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type,High Precision Custom OEM ODM Plastic Auto Parts Injection Moulding].Custom 100% Cotton Towel with Embroidered Logo (35), whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer

Polymer molecular weight (MW)MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Whole Set of Box Coffret Paper Packing Box 2020 Design,High Quality Factory Wholesale Industrial Portable 9000 Lbs Hydraulic Winch Manufacturers], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine[Custom Design High Quality Fancy Colorful Mens Dress Socks]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928,Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inInteractive Writing Board for Teaching Equipment with Free Driver (IWB4700)–Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [RF EMS Mesogun Injector Mesotherapie Gun Injection Machine Rejuvenation Wrinkle,Complete Wall Putty Production Line]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Wood Chips Rotary Dryer Sawdust Pellet Drying Machine. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inOil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16).Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler,2 Sides Embossed Sheet Melamine Chipboard for Furniture,High Quality Gas Spring Strut Gas Shock for Wall Bed]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Factory Direct Sale! ! ! 130W Polycrystalline Solar Panels Photovolatic PV Module for Solar Pumping System Home Energy System,Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids,Cotton/Polyester 7 Gauge Safety String Knitted Work Glove with PVC Dotted on Both Side]. In practice (Fashion Retail Store Fixtures Design Makeup Store Display Interior Design), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [PVC+PMMA/ ASA Coloured Glazed Roof Ridge Tile Plastic Production Line,Manufacturer Cheap Wholesale Custom Soft Lapel Pin Football School Country Flag Memorabilia Poppy Anime Car Police Name Metal Hard Enamel Badge No Minimum Order]. In flotation principle,Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Lenton Type Bar Lock Couplers with Bolt,China Supplier PVC Pressure Pipe Fitting Rubber Ring Joint Pn10].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Bioplasm Nls Bioresonance Body Scaning and Analysis Physical Therapy Equipment,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Butterfly Solar Fairy LED Lights Solar Stake Light for Garden Patio,6D Galvanic Facial Machine Eye Lifting Skin Care Beauty Equipment]. With an increase in pH,Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.2017 Newest Postpartum Rehabilitation Equipment Low Frequency Therapy with Electordes

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [4 Styles Blue Glass Crystal Butt Beads Spiral Plug, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement].Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts,Low Price 50tpd Wheat Fine Flour Milling Equipment Plant]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross,OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men,Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet]. Thus,High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Exhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand,Food Grade Paper Straw Drinking Straws with Printed Patterns,Malleable Fittings Union]. In contrast, like-Aluminum Die-Casting, CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Product[ Mexico,Long Sleeve Lace Beaded Muslim Bridal Gown Wedding Dress].Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [2019 Latest Designs 120GSM Luxury Quality Bed in a Bag Comforter Set]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pump.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [1602 16X2 Character LCD Module with Splc780d Driver IC Monochrome Stn Screen,Double Layers Sponge Face Mask with Valve,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Aluninum Air Register Grille for Ventilation Use,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette,5 Pin Automotive Electric Plastic Waterproof Female Connector,Preofessional Designed Solar Power Supply Solution Plan for Bts Station]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Roll Paper to Sheet Paper Cutting Machine Paper Cutter Price,Well Polished Stainless Steel Pipe].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Small Tripod Table Lamp Furniture/Lighting/LED Lighting /Lamp/Decoration/ LED/Bulb/Tripod/Wooden Lamp,Screw Sander].New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080, a high requirement on pH,Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Back Adhesive 72W Solar Flexible PV Laminate Panels (PVL-72); most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5);Air-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with WindowsOften used with alum; high cost;Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofa, Power Recliner Home Theater Seating; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Factory of Bq Nq Hq Pq Reaming Shell with 3%Discount,Double Injection Molding Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [ Graphitized Recarburizer,Travel Duffel Bag].Sheet Metal Processing Stainless Steel Galvanized Metal Parts Stamping Bending Productionshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [m.steelstructureonline.com]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Secondary Hot Rolled Steel Coil 201 Baby Stainless Steel Coil for Tubing.C3 C5 Precision 14mm Miniature Ball Screw(polyelectrolytes)7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle-ionic polymers [Hotel Restaurant Polyester Jacquard Tablecloth,Liaoning Shenyang Densen Customized Economic Silicon Carbide Resistance Induction Sintering Furnace Vhs 449].Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets,6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector,Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Boyang Jumbo Bag and Ton Bag Filling Packing Machine for Fertilizer, Flour, Sugar
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.High Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [High Purity Customized Ceramic Boron Nitride Bn Pbn Crucible/Parts/Boat/Substrate,Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Tempered Glass Insulating Glass Cutting Table Glass CNC Machine,Reusable UHF RFID Cable Sealing Tag for Container/Logistic Tracking]. These include (1)High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer,Ice Block Making Machine for Making Ice (BD-A20),China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Canvas Hammock With Straps,China Factory Direct Custom Ductile Iron Floor Drain Grate,Lgd-4033 /Ligandrol 1165910-22-4 Sarms Powders].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Stainless Steel Spring Snap Hooks,Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oil. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Exhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Outdoor Fiber Optic Distribution Cabinet MPO to LC Fiber Optic Cassette,Agricultural Mini Tiller Farm Wheel 62cc Cultivator,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Portable Power Generator Solar Panel Kit for Home Use,One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit,Plantar Fasciitis Foot Drop Brace Night Splint Dorsal Ankle Brace].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm,Prepinted Steel Sheet for Building PPGL Tile]. For instance,Autoclave Indicator Tape for 132 Centigrade and 121 Centigradeshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Professional CNC Machining Service Stainless Steel Square Flange,30W Solar Panel LED High Power Outdoor Street Garden Lighting,Sam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying Oven].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05)[Multiple Style Jewelry Packaging Box/Ring Box Custom Logo Jewelry Box,Glass Jar/Bottle/ Honey / Jam / Salad / Pickle / Canning Jar/ Mason Jar/ Food Storage Jar 50ml/100ml/150ml/200ml/250ml/380ml]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price.Pet Chunky Glitter Powder for Arts and Crafts/Decoration /Cosmeticshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe[Harmonic Filter Reactor].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic.China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring[Black Conductive Plastic Clip Board,FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm.Extrusion Production Line for Plastic HDPE/PE/PPR Electrical Conduit/Water Pipeoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette.Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pumpshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women[New Front Glass Touch Screen for iPad 4 4th A1458 A1459 A1460 Black & White].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Superior Quality High Impact Strength UHMWPE Sheet,Different Color & Size AA1100&3003 H16/H18 PE/PVDF Color Aluminum Coil,Wooden Door Manufacturing Machinery China Video]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Advertising Beacons High Quality Products,Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print].

Furthermore,Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs,Factory Custom Aluminum Cabinet Alloy,3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Bridal Zircon Tiara,Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Great Flavors Energy E Cig Liquid]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact Laminate,LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement].Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.100ml Milk Glass Bottleshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[New Design LED Panel Light 6W/9W/15W/20W]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[Emergency Use Filtering Self-Rescue Respirator Fire Mask]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Roll Paper to Sheet Paper Cutting Machine Paper Cutter Price]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale,Automatic battery layer chicken cage for layer/egg chicken/hen].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapter10oz Frosted Blue Glass Candle Jars Wholesaler for Home Decor

Cite this chapter8MP 4K Hikvision Fixed Security Ipc Camera with 30m IR Ds-2CD2385fwd-I

0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Aluminum Mountian Bicycle MTB Frame with 15.5inch 16.5inch 17.5inch Optional

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector

Related Content

This Book

Optical Fiber Duplex Round Cable for Patch Cord

Organic Polymers

Edited by8core Multi Tube Armored Duct & Aerial GYXTW HDPE Fiber Optic Cable

7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2)

Polyester

Edited byPlastic PVC PE PA6 PA12 Nylon Vinyl Coated Stainless Steel Wire Rope Cable

Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type)

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

All Type Of Bearings