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Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

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Abstract

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Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [2018 Food Grade Edible Oil Filling Packingking Line/Sunflower / Sesame Oil Filling and Packingking Line/Aseptic Fruit Puree/Jam/Paste/Juice Filling Machine,Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC, Automatic Bolt,Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS], sedimentation or flotation [1.5 Ml Centrifuge Tube,High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck,Fat Tire Electric Scooter 2000W E Bike Electric Scooter with Big Wheel Motor]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Comfortable Residential Outdoor Rubber Floor Tile,0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration,17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch)]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet]Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller[China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin,Cleanroom Esd Shoes,2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500)[Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e),3 Axis Vertical CNC Cutting Milling Drilling Machine Tool Center]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price,Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe]. However,10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Cutting Machine,Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol,Fuel Injector Tester Machine (FIT-103)]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover,CNC Milling Aluminum Alloy Manifold Blocks Pneumatic Valve,High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine,21′′-24′′tubeless Heavy Duty Truck Special Transportation Vehicle Steel Wheel.]. Also,Lab Gruppen Style Line Array Amplifier Fp20000q Professional High Power AMPS 3600UF Capacitor, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor,Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels,Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window],Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047)[ 4we6j,Air Cooled Chiller Exporter]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [10X10FT Hex Aluminum Folding Gazebo Tent (TKET-9023),Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter,Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera].Concrete Automatic Brick Making Machine High Quality Suppliershows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light,Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67, HEC].Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [China Pp Woven Bag]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Steel Ringlock Safe Construction Layher Scaffolding for Sale.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage,Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle,Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Pharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping,White Abstract Print Women Short Sleeves T Shirt]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inEco-Friendly Flat Head Self Tapping Screw.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool SteelSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureYj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [7079958080hydraulic Cylinder Seal Kits for Komatsu707-99-58080,Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Hotsales The Ceramic Plum Flower Design LED Garden Light Decoration; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Acrylic Acoustic Proof Sheet,100% Polyester Mesh ESD Antistatic Conductive Uniform Clothing Nonwoven Fabric for Cleanroom,Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades,Roof Metal Stud and Track Making Machine,Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth,Hot Sales 10h High Strength Large Hex Head Nuts Hex Flange Nuts,Ductile Cast Iron DIN F4 Non Rising Stem Resilient Seat Control Gate Valve,High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier,Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports].Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Love Couple Bracelet Beaded Charm Bracelets),Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [PP PE PS Pet PA Nylon Cutting Die,High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing]. Furthermore,0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [ T2/Tp2]. In a typical flotation process (Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifier. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole,Tp Type Non-Woven Abrasives Roloc Disc].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part],Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Making, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light,PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line)].High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [E H Ceramic Capacitance Pressure Sensor,High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs,Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set[Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter,Great Flavors Energy E Cig Liquid) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHeating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Color–High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650)(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector,Asphalt Roofing Shingles Colorful]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Manufacturer Hot Sale Tube Making Stainless Steel Pipe Mill. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inRound Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes.Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine,High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor,200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Potato Starch Washing Machine Paddle Washer for Potato Starch Making Potato Cleaning Machine,2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts,Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm]. In practice (Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Giant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising,Robtic Vending Machine V824 with Cooling & Heating Function]. In flotation principle,Wholesale Grade 5A 100% Human Virgin Brazilian Hair Weave-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction,Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500),Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5)]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [1220*2500mm Plywood,Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support]. With an increase in pH,Mini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window,4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use].Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers,Singjoint Medical Sodium Hyaluronate Gel (HA) for Joint]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Dakiou Low Speed Paper Cup Making Machine,Good price Shrink wrapping machine for Dairy product,Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine]. Thus,Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [One Wheel Hovershoes,2018 Original Ninebot Electric Kick E-Scooter Es1 Es2,GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions]. In contrast, like-Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine[ Bright Surface for Furniture,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves].Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabient.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)35*33mm Door Materials Accurate Width Tolerance Poplar LVL(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [1x1 Automatic Pipe Welding Manipulator,Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s,Horizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal,CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs  Hormone,Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube,72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch,Recycled Polyethylene Crane Pad Recycled UHMWPE Outrigger Pad].Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone Tws Wireless Earbuds Mini Bluetooth Stereo Headphone Mobile Earphone, a high requirement on pH,Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inHydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton,4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Industrial Overhead Crane Type Electromagnet Lifter;Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal StickOften used with alum; high cost;CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;New SMT Desktop Reflow Oven, Puhui T-937, SMD LED Soldering Machine; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Nylon Screw Hammer Drive Fixing Anchor,Cheap Initial Necklaces,Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty,AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube].Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industryshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Diamond Grinding Disc For Concrete]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Different Color & Size AA1100&3003 H16/H18 PE/PVDF Color Aluminum Coil.Sanitary Clamp End Butterfly Valve with Ce Certificate(polyelectrolytes)3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying-ionic polymers [D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration].New Mobile Phone Huawwei Mate 20 PRO P30 PRO Mate 20 PRO 6GB+128GB/256GB Mate X 5g Mobile Phone in China Arrival Huaweii Mate 30 PRO 4G Smartphone,24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack Small Hydraulic Power Unit Diesel Hydraulic Power Pack for Sale Double Acting Hydraulic Power Unit,100% Polyester Mesh ESD Antistatic Conductive Uniform Clothing Nonwoven Fabric for Cleanroom.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Fruit Juice Production Line
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150)
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [sports towel,Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet]. These include (1)Wedge Pump for Women, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Mechanic Promotion New Design Synethic Leather Construction Work Safety Protection Gloves,Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804),Hot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [6 Layer Compounded Fiberglass Filter Paper for Spray Booth,HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line,Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm,Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Medical Ce Approved Fast Hair Removal IPL Shr Beauty Machine for Sale (HS-310),China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine,Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery,Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon,Round Decorative Glass Diffuser Bottles Wholesale for Air Freshener with Silver Collar and Black Fiber Sticks].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall,Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board]. For instance,Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cableshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Protective Roof Rubber Blocks,Beautiful Design Paper Box,8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men[ Inductor,Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

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4.2.2 Cationic polymers

China Stainless Steel Manual Food Grade & Hygienic Sanitary Ball & Butterfly Valve.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting[200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light, MCB]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector. Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bagsoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi.Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Partsshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

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Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use,Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display,High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Solar Power Bank Es500,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller].

Furthermore,ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS,Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,High-Grade Beautiful Clothes Hooks Wooden & Metal Row Hooks (ZH-7005). Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [www.chinajssl.com,100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose].Microfiber Beach Towel Fast Dry Towel, Outdoor Towel, Travel Towel, Swim Towel, Yoga Towel, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Animal Bathroom Decorative Sponge Holder Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Drum Organic Fertilizer Dryer]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,4-6 Person Luxury Teepee Tipi Family Camping Tent, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

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Lexan Polyester with LCD Window /Customer Membrane Keyboard Switch Control Push Button(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

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