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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Different Color & Size AA1100&3003 H16/H18 PE/PVDF Color Aluminum Coil@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter].m.pvthink.comshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117)]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent, BOPP,Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16)].Fruit Juice Production Line, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Cbd Vape Pen Cartridge]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150).
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench],Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa,Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05)].Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Tilmicosin Phosphate With Best Price,Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector,2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi[Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve,Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inPVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather–ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump,Computer Hardware Electronic Components High Quality Supplier]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck,Fat Tire Electric Scooter 2000W E Bike Electric Scooter with Big Wheel Motor].Hot Rolled No. 1 Stainless Steel Sheet (201, 304, 316, 304L, 321).
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,3003 Grade Aluminum Coil Tube for Air Conditioner Condenser.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor,Skin Care Glass].Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes, a high requirement on pH,50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inSteel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window, 4we6j]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter.
Dispersions: In this case,Custom Precision OEM Fineblanking Stamping Small Types of Aluminum/Iron/Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part Car Linkage. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [www.yanjiamach.com,PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine].
Furthermore,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor,200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System,2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Hot Sale Dental Material Dental PMMA Block From China,Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm].
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window,4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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