IntechOpen

ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch>Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy>Hot Sale Multifunctional Essential Oil Distiller

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement.China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt,Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid,Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Coil Wire Mesh Making Machine Suppliers for Sale,05560-1: 5 Scale Gasoline off Road Buggy 32cc Snowfields Edition 4WD RTR 2.4G]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Multifunction Wooden Dresser Case for Storage Cosmetic Jewelry,Mc-275A Pipe/Tube Cutting Machine,Puyi Rubber Tracks for Asv PT 50 380*102*42], sedimentation or flotation [Single Use Corrugated Anesthesia Breathing Circuit for Medical Use,PLA 1.75mm 3.0mm Filament Single Screw Extruder] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [ Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity,2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [15W High Power Solar Integrated Street Light LED Garden Products with Lithium Battery,Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors),Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Disposable Infusion Set I. V. Set with Butterfly Needle]Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block[Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire,Canbus T10 Led Bulb,8*4*3.5m Inflatable Spray Booth]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store[Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B)), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Kid Multipurpose Slim RFID Blocking Leather Wallet for Men,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set with Percision Set,Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit]. However,4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish,Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers,Hello3d Temperature Change Color ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Materials]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components,a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machine,Jd-Ds211 Customized Floor Drain with Watermark Wels Certificate]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill,4X6 Oriental Geometric Silk Carpet Floral Handmade Hand Knotted Technics Chinese Factory]. Also,Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [High Speed Small Brushless Motor,7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem, SMD LED Soldering Machine],5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger[Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover,Promotional Nature Colored Pencil Set with Wood Case]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray,Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump,Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor].Handkerchief Napkin Tissue Packaging Wrapping Machineshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [High Resolution Full Digital Trolley Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine/ Portable Ultrasound Mslcu30]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale,2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed,Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker].Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [in-Ceiling Screen Ec Series]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store,OEM 250ml Body Butter Body Lotion]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inAir-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with Windows.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCCSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureMunicipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Matte Finish Matt Finish Oxidation Scale Layer Removing Turbo Tumbler].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products,Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46)]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Mudguard For Jeep Wrangler,14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market,Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler,Aluminum Pipe 3003,High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming,Eyelet,4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox,Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket,PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards].Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels),Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Biodegradable Hotel Hot Sale Men′s Hair Comb in Yangzhou to India,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part]. Furthermore,Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays]. In a typical flotation process (Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t,A5 Notebook With Powerbank].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation],DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Hot Sale Distiller′s Grains Dewatering Machine Chinese Medicine Screw Press Solid Separator with Good Quality,Suspended LED linear light  Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile].Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet

Polymer molecular weight (MW)3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [3D Printing Best Quality Digital Printing Polyester Fabric Velvet,Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel,Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link[Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12,En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in P60–Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light,Emergency Rescue Home Waterproof First Aid Kit for Car]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface). Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inJIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve.LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank,Telescopic Camera Jib Crane,0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [1220mm Plastic Foamed Board Production Line Products Made in China,Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine]. In practice (Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07)), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,China Manufacturer]. In flotation principle,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer,Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8,Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [2 Core Ftth Drop Cable Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System]. With an increase in pH,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser)

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks,ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker].Aluminum Household Step Ladder.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold,Steel Grass/Rock Wool Roof/Wall Sandwich Insulated Metal Panels]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate,High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650),Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack]. Thus,Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process,20 Speeds Vibration Wireless Jump Eggs Remote Control Vibrating Sex Egg Sex Vibrator Adult Sex Toys for Woman,9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine]. In contrast, like-Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine[Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building,Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale].CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,THK Bearing SSR20wxss.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Cross-Border New Digital Display Tws Wireless Headset 5.0 Dual Call Power Display Sports Headset F9,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes,Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price,Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light,Abs Pc Trolley Case,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml,150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [ Booth Seating for Restaurant,Electric Wireless Invisible Old Care Digital Hearing Aid].Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday, a high requirement on pH,China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inVoltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming;5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella ClarifierOften used with alum; high cost;Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,nsen-valve,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water,High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill].Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Deviceshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [DC 12V Electric Linear Actuator for Dental Bed IP54]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing.304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate(polyelectrolytes)Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border-ionic polymers [Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Paper,Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine].Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088,Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt,C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [0.2-0.6mm Abrasives,Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516]. These include (1)Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller,GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet,Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Exclusive Office Furniture Desks,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould,FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart,China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Bag Juice Filling And Sealing Machine,Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg,4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price,Fire Rescue Suit Factory & Manufacturer].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine, Great for Vintage]. For instance,Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chartshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar,www.mop-x.com,CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry[Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant,High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, Super Bass Music TV. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine.6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Accessories 90 Degree Teeshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine[Transparent Xanthan Gum for Cosmetic and Personal Care Application].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag.High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine[High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood,Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml.Customized Laminated Pouch / Bag for Food or Medicineoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine.Foldable Mat for Kids Play Matshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree[Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Rack].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag,304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe,Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Co2 Lazer Engraver With Rotary,FC Fiber Optics Adapter].

Furthermore,High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Climb Bucket Concrete Mixing Plant,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204),Building Materials Aluminum Profile with Thermal Break and Anodizing]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Hot Sale Corrugated Cardboard Cake Box with Window,Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge,Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand].Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Crystal Chandeliers Made In Chinashows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[15inch High Performance Lower Power IP65 Industrial Tablet PC for Industrial Equipment]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[OEM Solder Eletcrical Wire Harness for Automation and Home Appliances]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China,Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterGarment Excellent Design White Kraft Paper Swing Tag

Cite this chapterHigh Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding

Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Sharp No Chipping Electroplated Diamond Marble Tile Saw Blade

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Generator Spare Parts Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR GB-100

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jars

Related Content

This Book

CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts

Organic Polymers

Edited byPrinting Machine For Ball

Tecco Mesh for Rockfall Protection on Amazon and Ebay

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material

Polyester

Edited byBesen Type 1 Plug EV Charging Station Wall-Mount 16A 3.5kw

Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

Etfe Greenhouse Tent