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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks],High Precision Custom OEM ODM Plastic Auto Parts Injection Moulding, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock].Superior Quality High Impact Strength UHMWPE Sheet, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Molyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [High Quality Androst-2-En-17-One / Androstenone CAS 963-75-7,All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge,China Hydraulic Automatic Chamber Plate Filter Press Factory Price[Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light,Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking–AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light,06 Diamond Pcd Die Blank]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard,High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale].Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Extrusion Production Line for Plastic HDPE/PE/PPR Electrical Conduit/Water Pipe.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer,Polyaluminum Chloride].Column or Pillar Type Rubber Curing Press Machine/PLC Control Rubber Vulcanizing Machine, a high requirement on pH,Mannay 2018 New Arrvied Whitening and Brighten Face Cosmetic. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India,Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handle]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Rubber Sole Steel Toe Safety Boots with Leather; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:14-Inch Vacuum-Brazed Diamond Saw Blades for Metal and Iron. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series).
Dispersions: In this case,Customized Indoor or Outdoor Garden Dancing Musical Water Fountain. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Multi-Functional Slimming Equipment RF Cavitation Diode Laser System-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle,Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket,OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,China Suppliers Zhong Shan Cheap Wholesale Outdoor Waterproof LED Flood Street Light 50watts, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo,Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Weichai Engine R6105izld Green 40kw Canopy Type Diesel Generator Set(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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