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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Portable Laser Engraver 20W]. In a typical flotation process (Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,240ml PP Baby Feeding Bottle with Cute Printing. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet,3-PC ISO5211 DIN3202-F1 Stainless Steel Flanged Ball Valve with Full Bore].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass],Silicon Coated Fiberglass Reinforced Expansion Joint Fabric Silicone Fiberglass Cloth, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram,33kv ~132kv Hot DIP Galvanized Transmission Line Electric Steel Power Pol].43 Inch Multipoints Touch Table Self-Service Digital Signage Kiosk with WiFi Touch Advertising Displaymobile Advertising Trailerbus Digital Signage LCD Digital, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Stainless Steel Single Filter Cartridge Housing for Food Grade. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Supply Wholesales Travel Polyester Wholesale Lanyard at Factory Price Cross. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)High Quality Gas Spring Strut Gas Shock for Wall Bed(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [gzyezhifurniture,300L Micro Turnkey Beer Brewery Equipment], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Double Wire Garden Security Mesh Galvanized Iron 656 Wire Fence,Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites[Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design,High Stability Series High Power Inductor) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHigh Precision Alloy Aluminum Plate Guillotine Shearing Machine–Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12),Wholesale Digital Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor/Electronic Blood Pressure Monitor/Bp]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1)]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [China Galvanized Shackle, Service Food Truck]. With an increase in pH,High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
2.2.Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Blade Electric Adjustment Thin Blade Slitter and Scorer Machine,Bathroom Mirror for Hotel Guestroom with LED].17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch).
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [European Plug Level VI 5V 10A Power Adapter Supply 60W DC Adaptor for LED Light]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole,Boards Scaffold Prices].Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home, a high requirement on pH,PVC+PMMA/ ASA Coloured Glazed Roof Ridge Tile Plastic Production Line. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inLatest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China.
Dispersions: In this case,1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set,LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V,Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Manufacturer for Sunifiram at Factory Price and Quick Delivery,Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women, New Zealand].TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Physically Handicapped Electric Tricycleshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder,New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,2017 Newest Postpartum Rehabilitation Equipment Low Frequency Therapy with Electordes. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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