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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil].Featuredshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [ 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape,Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench,Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa].Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Mosquito Proof Fiberglass Fly Screen]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch)],Malleable Fittings Union, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet,China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin].High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100)(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Cisco 1000base-Lx SFP Optical Module Glc-Fe-100lx-Rgd,2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle, Heat-Sensitive, Viscous and Oily Material,70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller[Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym,Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inDJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal–Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e),Bluetooth Speaker Factory]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window, 4we6j]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Security Safe RFID Cabinet Smart Lock for Gym,10X10FT Hex Aluminum Folding Gazebo Tent (TKET-9023)]. With an increase in pH,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Luxury Decoration Home. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter,Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens].6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Pharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture.
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject.
Dispersions: In this case,Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column[USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window,4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products.Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformersshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [ Bright Surface for Furniture,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves,Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [13GSM Custom Logo Smoking/Tobacco Hemp Rolling Papers,Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch].We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Wood Salt And Pepper Grindershows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk,FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e). This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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