Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type)-reviewed chapter
Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500)
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment.Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process,LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN,High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Fire Resistance Reflective Flame Retardant Fabric,Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192)]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [40W PIR Sensor Long Life All in One Solar Street Light,LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen,Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design,Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer], sedimentation or flotation [8kVA/10kVA Home Use Silent Electric Diesel Power Generator with AVR,Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck,Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Galvanized Square Washer in China (HS-MT-0008),Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape]General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts[Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench,Electric Auto Relay With Lamp,Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks[Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05)].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents,Colorful Biodegradable and Recycled Paper Drinking Straw]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather,High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump]. However,Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke,Automatic Chicken Water Nipple Drinking System From Factory]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring,Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis, 1300mm]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220,4-Cycle Gx35 Engined Earth Auger Earth Driller Hole Digger Hole Borer Petro Drilling Machine]. Also,Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G), for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine,Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen,Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC],6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine[ Automatic Bolt,Fiber Laser Marking Machines]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS,High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342,Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck].7W E27 B22 LED Corn Bulb with 50000 Hours Lifespanshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Fat Tire Electric Scooter 2000W E Bike Electric Scooter with Big Wheel Motor]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration,17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch),Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet].Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [OEM Customized Supler Stainless Steel A182 F51 Zero Leakage Flanged Floating Ball Valve with Low Torque]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Finishing Aluminium Alloy Profile, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324).
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin,2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing,Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal,Power Bank 2600mah]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inFerrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e).
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe,Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Cutting Machine]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Sida Kbqx-30sg Dual Hose Pipe Dry Ice Blasting Cleaning Machine Cooperated with Italy Company,Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol,Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover,CNC Milling Aluminum Alloy Manifold Blocks Pneumatic Valve,High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal,pulpmask,Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor,Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels].The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Security, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window),Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Manufacturer Best Price Supply High Purity Acesulfame Potassium/Acesulfame-K Food Grade, 4we6j]. Furthermore,Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [10X10FT Hex Aluminum Folding Gazebo Tent (TKET-9023)]. In a typical flotation process (Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens,Custom Stb Cemented Carbide Strips].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage],3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light,Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67].Marblel Decorative-High Pressure Laminate Board/Compact Laminate, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Wheat Flour Mill Machinery, HEC], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable,Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts[Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color,Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inXinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle–10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet,Custom Moon Cake Pastry Packing Paper Box with Lids]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inPharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping.Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Eco-Friendly Flat Head Self Tapping Screw,165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man,7079958080hydraulic Cylinder Seal Kits for Komatsu707-99-58080]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Full-Automatic Incense Sticks Counting and Packing Machine,Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home,100% Polyester Mesh ESD Antistatic Conductive Uniform Clothing Nonwoven Fabric for Cleanroom]. In practice (Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Roof Metal Stud and Track Making Machine,Boehmite For Gel]. In flotation principle,Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth,Ductile Cast Iron DIN F4 Non Rising Stem Resilient Seat Control Gate Valve].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier,Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Hot-selling Soda Ash Double Roller Granulator - New Type Organic Fertilizer Granulator - Exceed ,Love Couple Bracelet Beaded Charm Bracelets]. With an increase in pH,Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing, T2/Tp2].8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer,Mini Cnc Laser Cutting Machine]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole,Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple,LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part]. Thus,Custom Tempered Glass Top, Silk-Screen Printing Glass Dining Table Top.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light,Finger Joint Plywood,PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line)]. In contrast, like-Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable[High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine,Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants].160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Heating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Color]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,LDPE/PE Clear Transparent Ziplock Bags Plastic Zip Lock Packaging Bag for Power Flour, Snack Food Packaging.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Solar Power Bank Es500,Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector,Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine,High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor,Integrated RO Water Filter with Got and Cold Water,200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts,Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women,IGBT Module Plasma Cutter Machine Cutting Equipment with CNC Cut Function-Cut100].Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s, a high requirement on pH,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inGiant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction,Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall;New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#) | Often used with alum; high cost;Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM) |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500),Stainless Steel Bar 201,Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5)].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support,USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window].4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Useshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Taihu Snow Beautiful OEM Oeko-Tex 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt]. There are various types of organic coagulants,St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer.Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration(polyelectrolytes)12V Car Tail Light for Ranger-ionic polymers [Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers,Dakiou Low Speed Paper Cup Making Machine].200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System,Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine,UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO).
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Good price Shrink wrapping machine for Dairy product,Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [240mm/60mm Dual-Fov Mwir Cooled Thermal Camera Jh640-240,One Wheel Hovershoes]. These include (1)High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions, Bright Surface for Furniture,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Composite Plastic Products Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings,Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Horizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa,High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,High Precision Alloy Aluminum Plate Guillotine Shearing Machine.
Dispersions: In this case,Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Accepted OEM PVC Binding Strap Cable Strap with High Performance,CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube,72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine,Wholesale China Wood Veneer Plywood Cold Press Machine for Sale].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch,Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump]. For instance,BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Tonshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp,Gobo Marker,Nylon Screw Hammer Drive Fixing Anchor].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Oil Gas Line Pipe, API 5L Spec 5L Steel Pipe, Grade B or X42 12m Steel Tube[Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk,FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return.AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tubeshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box.Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India[Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry,D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Hot Rolled/Cold Rolled ERW, Hollow Section, Square Pipe, En 10210/En10219, Carbon Steel Pipe.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decorationoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Stainless Steel 304/316 Threaded NPT/Bsp Fittings Cross.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Streetshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet,Mechanic Promotion New Design Synethic Leather Construction Work Safety Protection Gloves,Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804)]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Stainless Steel Vial External Surface Washer,Hot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine].
Furthermore,Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line,Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping,En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [ASTM A53/A106 Seamless Steel Pipe /Line Pipe,Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery].Purple Color Fire Pit Glass Recycled Crushed Glass Mirror Cullet, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Bluetooth Downlightshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Vinyl Stickers Pens Business Data Card Uv Flatbed Printer] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Reusable UHF RFID Cable Sealing Tag for Container/Logistic Tracking, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Protective Roof Rubber Blocks,8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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