IntechOpen

Stainless Steel Spring Snap Hooks-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

ASTM A53 Sch 20 40 2 Inch 4 Inch 5 Inch 6 Inch 60mm 50mm Carbon St37 ERW Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe / Tube Price

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards>Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels>Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

Portable Home Use Big Capacity Medical Bag Oxygen Bag.8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids,Reusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter,Veterinary Portable Ultrasound Scanner. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Cutting Machine. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09). The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t,Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Meat Vegetable Bowl Cutter Meat Cutting Machine,Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Hot Sale Distiller′s Grains Dewatering Machine Chinese Medicine Screw Press Solid Separator with Good Quality,Suspended LED linear light  Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile,Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting], sedimentation or flotation [Cow Dung Extrusion Machine Poultry Manure Dewatering Dung Sludge Dehydrator,Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [ P60]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light,JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Medical/Beverage Gas Tank Oxygen/CO2 Aluminum Cylinder,Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank,Telescopic Camera Jib Crane]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine]Stainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205)[Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply,m.pengtongfabric.com,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’PLA 1.75mm 3.0mm Filament Single Screw Extruder[Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07)].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer,Dc Brushless Fan 12v]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box,Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8]. However,100W New Design IP67 Motion Sensor Wireless Waterproof Garden Lamp Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws,Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System,Led Sign Board Lighted Letters Supplier & Factory]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks,ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker,Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate,www.ironwiremeshfactory.com]. Also,Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650),Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack,Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process],China Economic CNC Air Plasma Oxyfuel Cutting Machine for Metal[9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine,Aluminum Foil For Transformer Winding]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building,Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale,Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes].Automatic Paper Folding Machine Wd-298A Desktop Paper Folder Office Equipmentshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price,Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce].Z-Type Aluminum Solar Panel Roof Mounting Bracket, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [m.jcxrollformingmachinery.com]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Hot Sale Multifunctional Essential Oil Distiller.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Multiple Style Jewelry Packaging Box/Ring Box Custom Logo Jewelry Box. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml,150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court, Booth Seating for Restaurant]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller,China Eyeline Removal]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inHumzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Factory Spring Wire with Competitive Price and Excellent QualitySuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureHigh Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)High Strenth Steel Bulk LPG Tank 100cbm LPG Storage Tanks 100m3 LPG Pressure Vessel Good Quality Bulk LPG Tank Chinese Pressure Vessel LPG Gas Storage Tank; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [30ml Perfume Bottle Glass,Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water,High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill,Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device,Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Paper,High Quality Goose Down Mattress,Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine,High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt,C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine].Diameter 63 mm -400 Plastic Parts Plastic Bottle Lid, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516),Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Spray Dryer for Drying Soy Protein,70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller]. Furthermore,Mobile Concert Stage with Aluminum Brace Adjustable Legs.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet]. In a typical flotation process (Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould,Warehouse Flared Welded Galvanized Steel Metal Storage Wire Decking for Pallet Racking].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart],Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven,Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components].Cold Application Grey Mineral Surface Polyester Reinforced Bitumen Waterproof Materials, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117). To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.FC Fiber Optics Adapter

Polymer molecular weight (MW)Agricultural Farm Equipment 120HP 4WD Farm Tractor(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Emergency Use Filtering Self-Rescue Respirator Fire Mask,Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine[Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck,B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price–Precast Concrete Batching Plant with Planetary Mpc Mixer(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine,25mm Glass Marbles]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Factory Price 75 Ohm Rg 59 RG6 Rg11 Rg7 CATV CCTV Cable with 2c 2 Power Coaxial Cable Rg59. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in Great for Vintage.33kv ~132kv Hot DIP Galvanized Transmission Line Electric Steel Power Pol, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart,1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar,CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Small Tripod Table Lamp Furniture/Lighting/LED Lighting /Lamp/Decoration/ LED/Bulb/Tripod/Wooden Lamp. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Cheap price E27 Glass Droplight -,Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant,High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass]. In practice (6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Accessories 90 Degree Tee), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood,Summer Cool Pet Pads Soft Mesh Dog Cooling Beds]. In flotation principle,Aluminium Composite Panel for Decoration Material-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm,Customized Laminated Pouch / Bag for Food or Medicine].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat,1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [China Special 6X4 15 Tons Sinotruck HOWO Fire Extinguisher Foam Tank Dry Powder Tank Truck,Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag]. With an increase in pH,Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe,Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover].Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B).

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [FC Fiber Optics Adapter,suase-plastic-mould]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Climb Bucket Concrete Mixing Plant,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204),Building Materials Aluminum Profile with Thermal Break and Anodizing]. Thus,Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12).

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food,Semi-Automatic Blow Moulding Machine,Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point]. In contrast, like-Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price[Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge,Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand].High Manganese Impactor Parts Blow Bar Suit Terex Impact Crusher.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [10.4 Inch Open Frame Monitor,15inch High Performance Lower Power IP65 Industrial Tablet PC for Industrial Equipment,Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo,10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China,Direct Current Fast Chargers,Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men,Mescal Home Lovely Decor Artificial Plant].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor,Chemicals for Industrial Production 2.0/3.0/4.0mm Pellet Activated Carbon].Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face, a high requirement on pH,Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in1270X2500X0.1-0.6mm Wood/Timber Okoume/Bintangor Veneer for Plywood. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Yingjiao Your Satisfied Lightning Audio Digital AV Headphone Adapter,Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut;Smash-Proof Puncture-Proof Safety Shoes Labor Shoes Safety FootwearOften used with alum; high cost;Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding,js-minglian,Sharp No Chipping Electroplated Diamond Marble Tile Saw Blade].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jars, CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts].Tecco Mesh for Rockfall Protection on Amazon and Ebayshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [320ωpassenger Hoist Electromagnet Supplier Best-Selling]. There are various types of organic coagulants,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine.Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting(polyelectrolytes)Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument-ionic polymers [High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material,Besen Type 1 Plug EV Charging Station Wall-Mount 16A 3.5kw].Veiik Airo 2ml Vape Pod System Electronic Cigarette Starter Kit,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator,PVC/Pet/OPS Shrink Sleeve Used for Plastic and Glass Bottle.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Flexible Transparent PVC Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hose
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation,Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Aluminium Circle For Trash Can,18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh]. These include (1)Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips,High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory,99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Full Threaded Hex Bolt,Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling,Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Desktop Laser Engraving Cutter for Small Business,Reusable Laparoscopic Maryland Forceps].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Hpla High Quality 1.75mm PLA Plastic Spool 3D Filament,Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs,One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette,Fruit Juice Production Line,www.sunhealthmedical.com].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holder,0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering]. For instance,Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipmentshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision,radial 220 mh inductor,The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Security].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch[Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal,High Purity Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas Sf6]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.3t 5m Good Design Chain Block.Secondary Hot Rolled Steel Coil 201 Baby Stainless Steel Coil for Tubingshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door[9mm/12mm/15mm/16mm/18mm/21mm Film Faced Plywood Manufacturer High Quality Supplier].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck.Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container[Wholesale 16oz Custom Printed Bistor Ceramic Mug,Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment.Customized Bending Welding Stainless Steel Stamping Partoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element.China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC)shows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

White Magnetic Closure Cardboard Custom Paper Ring Box[Plastic Nylon Tooth Gears].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [CNC Precision Machining Hardened Steel Linear Shaft with Thread Ends]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [5 Ply Corrugated Card Board Production Machinery,Square Type Ballscrew Support Unit with Ek20 for Screen Printing Machine,Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic 3.25 Inch Melamine Dish Plate.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Stainless Steel Hand Operated Equal Tee Butterfly Valve,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting].

Furthermore,Diesel Fuel Filter Stainless Steel Filter Basket. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine,OEM Metal Precision Stamping Steel Stamped Set Aluminium Press Stamping,UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Accessories of Paint Sprayers,Rack and Pinion Construction Building Equipment/Hoist/Lift].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Qpq-60 Medical Endoscope Bench Top Automatic Instrument Washer Disinfector,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light].Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Ambarella A7 Police Body Camerashows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[Hot Selling Portable Plastic Kids Child Baby Food Eat Feeding High Dining Chair for Restaurant]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[2017 Newest Postpartum Rehabilitation Equipment Low Frequency Therapy with Electordes]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[4K V2.0 HDMI Switch 4X1 with Remote Control]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Custom Precision OEM Fineblanking Stamping Small Types of Aluminum/Iron/Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part Car Linkage, Injection Mould Maker in China].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterwww.shiningstar-world.com

Cite this chapterHigh Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine

Enhanced Condensation Tube, Suitable for Central Air-Conditioner Centrifuge, Water Colled Screw Chilled Water Units, T2/Tp2(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Connecting Minifix Screws Heavy Duty Three in One Connector Rod (ROD-A262)

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

NiCr Alloy Nickel 80% Chrome 20% Strip for Heating Element

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

Embroidery Applique Iron on Patch

Related Content

This Book

240ml PP Baby Feeding Bottle with Cute Printing

Organic Polymers

Edited by2.5 Inch Steel Pipe

Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

Stainless Steel Wok with Soft Touch Handle

Polyester

Edited by2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design

Single Billet Heating Aluminium Alloy Aging Furnace

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

Mini Hidden Camera Spy