IntechOpen

Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

Ye3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor>3W/5W High Quality UV Laser Marking Machine PCB Printing>Slim Rental LED Display/Indoor LED Video Wall Screen (P2.5 board)

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

Semi Automatic PE Carton Box Strapping Machine.OEM 250ml Body Butter Body Lotion,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,Malleable Fittings Union. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Handheld Vital Signs Patient Monitor with Etco2 SpO2 Anesthesia Gas,43 Inch Multipoints Touch Table Self-Service Digital Signage Kiosk with WiFi Touch Advertising Displaymobile Advertising Trailerbus Digital Signage LCD Digital]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [35*35cm) (E-BZ11),China Manufacturer Icesta Salt Water Ice Maker Machine]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Wood Chips Rotary Dryer Sawdust Pellet Drying Machine,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine,Sri Lanka Metal Detector Handheld Metal Detector Explosive Detector], sedimentation or flotation [High Power RGBW 10W Wireless LED Light for Interior Stage,White Magnetic Closure Cardboard Custom Paper Ring Box] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Portable Laser Engraver 20W]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine,50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [OEM Equestrian Sports Grey Horse Riding Pants Women Full Seat Jodhpurs,ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes,Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram]6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe[33kv ~132kv Hot DIP Galvanized Transmission Line Electric Steel Power Pol,www.jxmelamine.com,300L Micro Turnkey Beer Brewery Equipment]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley[Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (High Precision Alloy Aluminum Plate Guillotine Shearing Machine), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12),Hot Wholesale Spline Sleeve Cutting Motor Shaft of Air Cooler]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Affordable Price 7005,Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoor]. However,Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Colorful Asphalt Shingles for Roof Covering and Waterproofing,Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part,20W 14inch Wall Mount Solar Exhaust Fan with Brushless Motor and Switch (SN2015011)]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag,Europe Quality ACP Aluminum Composite Panels for Building Decoration,Plastic PVC (vacuum calibration cooling tank haul off cutter stacker) Pipe Extruding Machine]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights,25kg Bagging Machine 50kg Filling Sealing Machines Semi-Automatic Bag Packaging Machinery]. Also,Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook,Auto Parts Dt One Control One Two Switch Cable Wire Harness,Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut],Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting[Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1),Narrow Aisle Side Loader Forklift]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [ Service Food Truck,Blade Electric Adjustment Thin Blade Slitter and Scorer Machine,Bathroom Mirror for Hotel Guestroom with LED].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b].Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Qualityshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Outdoor Greenhouse Cover 70% Shading Rate Cool Energy Saving Aluminium Sun Shade,Fashion Wholesale Clothes Clothing Swim Beach Boxer Custom Sprots Running Gym Shorts,Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric].Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [12′′d Commercial Wire Shelving Grade Kitchen Metal Storage Wire Rack Units]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape,Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete,Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [European Plug Level VI 5V 10A Power Adapter Supply 60W DC Adaptor for LED Light,3pe Lsaw Steel Pipe Factory OEM/ODM Products]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inWater Filter Use Bulk Anthracite Filter Media for Sale.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305WSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureNew Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder,860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Electrical Connectors Types, Black Excavator Track Rollers,Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold,Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China,High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole,Air Conditioner Cleaning Kit,Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer,Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine].Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Polyester Staple and Bamboo Printed Tablecloth),Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [www.aokaiwellscreen.com,Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine]. Furthermore,40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Laminated FIBC Bulk Jumbo Bag Super Sack]. In a typical flotation process (High Quality Beiben Truck Parts Rear Wheel House), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Smokeless Solid Waste Incinerator for Domestic Garbage Incineration,Children Plastic Outdoor Playground Amusement Equipment with Ce/ISO Certificate].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621],High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror].Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Xinjing Wide-Mouth Kitchen Glass Square Jar for Spice, Seasoning. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed

Polymer molecular weight (MW)35L Electric Car Mini Fridge(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Donald Trump Tank Flag,Vital Injector], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags[Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector,2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inGenuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102–High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale,Black Pvc Card]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inHigh-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel.Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40,Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324)]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [160kn Glass Disc Shells for Transmission Line,Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers]. In practice (10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking,How to Do The Leg Press Safely-Outdoor Fitness Equipment Leg Press]. In flotation principle,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block,Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door,China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [2ml Gracederm Hyaluronic Acid Gel Filler Prefilled Syringe Injectable,D902 Cylinder Head for Kubota Tractor Diesel Engine Parts]. With an increase in pH,Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve,2.0mm Thickness Reinforced PVC Waterproofing Membrane for Plant Roof].China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack Small Hydraulic Power Unit Diesel Hydraulic Power Pack for Sale Double Acting Hydraulic Power Unit,rubber wheels]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock,Water Microdermabrasion Hydro Facial Machine for Acne Removal Skin Revitalizer,Wholesale Germany Oktoberfest Festival Party Felt Hat]. Thus,Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl,Preseasoned Cast Iron Cookware Round 13cm Frying Pan FDA Approved,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier]. In contrast, like-Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant[Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set,LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V].Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chair.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Hot Sale and High Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw,St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Small Capacity Automatic Cup Filling Machine,MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center,China Manufacturer High Efficiency Modern Design Waterproof Aluminum LED Garden Light Pole,Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce,Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [ New Zealand,Decorative Acrylic Board].Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube, a high requirement on pH,Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts,Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing;We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum PlateOften used with alum; high cost;Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape,4x8 Coroplast Sheet,Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate,Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal].2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scootershows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Ip65 Led Area Light Manufacturers Cheap Price]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e).Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable(polyelectrolytes)Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds-ionic polymers [3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30,New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag].Combination Shoe Display Rack,Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication,Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332),CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Chapadora PVC Panels for Wall and Ceiling,Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry]. These include (1)Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Aluminum Pipe 3003, H112, Aluminium Tube Price 3003. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging,Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation,Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [616dh Bonding Machine for LCD Panel Repair Machine,Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter,Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h)].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Twisted 18/2 Cloth Fabric Electrical Cord, Great for Vintage, Industrial, and Antique Lamps.(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Carbon Steel Fork Garden Fork Head,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer,Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord,Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine,Heat Exchanger Home Heating System].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture,Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils]. For instance,Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroomshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler,Vd Chain Hoist /Manual Chain Block Hoist / Hand Winch,The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate[Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud,High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Neoprene Elbow Support. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram.Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29ershows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16)(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag[Osb Panel For Furniture].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale.Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw[Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector,BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole.Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoistingoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62).High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Packageshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion[Heavy-Duty UHMWPE Sheets for Nuclear Radiation].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light,Toughened Railing Glass,Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Votive Tealight Glass Candle Holder Manufacturer,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag].

Furthermore,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox,Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear,Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Suspended LED linear light  Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [1500w Laser Cutting Machine,AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields,Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets].Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Construction Loader For Sale Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[High Quality Cl 600 Wn RF Flange]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction,OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal, Various Colors. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterSFP 1.25g LC Connector Simplex 1310/1490nm 20km SFP Module

Cite this chapterMedical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask

China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve

Related Content

This Book

Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse

Organic Polymers

Edited byPortable Automatic Diesel Engine Cement Motar Spraying Machine

European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk

Polyester

Edited byHigh Quality Geared Side - in Agitator

Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Colorful Rubber Ball for Screen Cleaning. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

www.zgnfsjx.com